Question
Explain the structure of carbonyl functional group.
✓
Answer
- In the carbonyl functional group, carbon atom is attached to an oxygen atom by a double bond and remaining two valencies of carbon atom are free, and it is represented as
- The carbonyl carbon atom is $sp^2-$hybridised forming coplanar three sigma $(\sigma )$ bonds with the bond angle $120^\circ .$
- One sigma bond is formed with oxygen atom while other two sigma $(\sigma )$ bonds are formed with hydrogen or carbon atoms.
- The remaining unhybridised $2p_z$ orbital of carbon atom overlaps with $p$ orbital of oxygen atom colaterally forming a $pi (\pi )$ bond. Hence, carbon atom is joined to oxygen atom by a double bond of which one is sigma and another is $n.$
- The oxygen atom in the carbonyl group has two lone pairs of electrons.
- The carbonyl bond is strong, short and polarized.
- The polarity of the carbonyl group is explained on the basis of resonance involving neutral and dipolar structures as shown below :
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