Explain various methods of formation of alkynes. - Vidyadip

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Explain various methods of formation of alkynes.

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$\text{CH}_{3}=\text{CH}-\text{C}-\text{O}-\text{H}$
$\text{CH}_{3}-\text{CH}_{2}-\text{OH}$
$\text{CH}_{3}-\text{CH}_{2}-\text{C}-\text{H}$
$\text{CH}_{3}-\text{CH}=\text{CH}-\text{CH}_{3}$
$\text{CH}_{3}-\text{C}\equiv\text{CH}$

Comprehension given below is followed by some multiple choice questions. Each question has one correct option. Choose the correct option.
Molecular orbitals are formed by the overlap of atomic orbitals. Two atomic orbitals combine to form two molecular orbitals called bonding molecular orbital (BMO) and anti bonding molecular orbital (ABMO). Energy of anti bonding orbital is raised above the parent atomic orbitals that have combined and the energy of the bonding orbital is lowered than the parent atomic orbitals. Energies of various molecular orbitals for elements hydrogen to nitrogen increase in the order.
Different atomic orbitals of one atom combine with those atomic orbitals of the second atom which have comparable energies and proper orientation. Further, if the overlapping is head on, the molecular orbital is called ‘Sigma’, and if the overlap is lateral, the molecular orbital is called ‘pi’. The molecular orbitals are filled with electrons according to the same rules as followed for filling of atomic orbitals. However, the order for filling is not the same for all molecules or their ions. Bond order is one of the most important parameters to compare the strength of bonds.

Whenever a reaction between an oxidising agent and a reducing agent is carried out, a compound of lower oxidation state is formed if the reducing agent is in excess and a compound of higher oxidation state is formed if the oxidising agent is in excess. Justify this statement giving three illustrations.

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Explain different definitions of oxidation and reduction processess with example.

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