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Biotechnology and its Applications — BIOLOGY STD 12 Science — Question

Rajasthan BoardEnglish MediumSTD 12 ScienceBIOLOGYBiotechnology and its Applications2 Marks
Question
How did Eli Lilly synthesis the human insulin? Mention one difference between this insulin and the one produced by the human pancreas.###What is genetically engineered insulin?
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Answer

Insulin from an animal source, though caused some patients to develop allergy or other types of reactions to the foreign protein. Insulin consists of two short polypeptide chains: chain $\alpha$ and chain $\beta$, that are linked together by disulphide bridges. In mammals including humans, insulin is synthesized as a prohormone which contains an extra stretch called the C-peptide.
In 1983, Eli Lilly an American company prepared two DNA sequences corresponding to $\alpha$ and $\beta$, chains of human insulin and introduced them in plasmid of E. coli to produce insulin chain $\alpha$ and $\beta$ were produced separately, extracted and combined by creating disulphide bonds to form human insulin $\alpha$, $\beta$.
This insulin is produced by human body different from the insulin produced by the above mentioned company. Insulin is synthesized as a pro-hormone (like a pro-enzyme, the pro-hormone also need to be processed before it becomes a fully mature and functional hormone) which contains an extra stretch. This C peptide is not present in the mature insulin and is removed during maturation into insulin. The main challenge for production of insulin using $r$DNA techniques was getting insulin assembled into a mature form.

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