Infrastructure — Economics STD 12 Humanities & Commerce — Question

'The railways affected the structure of the Indian economy positively, as well as negatively.' Discuss.

Why must thermal and hydroelectric sources of energy be replaced with other options?OR
How do thermal power plants cause pollution?

Read the passage given below and answer the following questions from 1 to 4.
Both forms of capital formation are the outcomes of conscious investment decisions. The decision regarding investment in physical capital is taken on the basis of one’s knowledge in this regard. The entrepreneur possesses the knowledge to calculate the expected rates of return to a range of investments and then rationally decides which one of the investments should be made. The ownership of physical capital is the outcome of the conscious decision of the owner the physical capital formation is mainly an economic and technical process.
Human capital formation takes place in one’s life when she/he is unable to decide whether it would maximize her/ his earnings. Children are given different types of school education and health care facilities by their parents and society. Moreover, the human capital formation at this stage is dependent upon the already formed human capital at the school level. Human capital formation is partly a social process and partly a conscious decision of the possessor of the human capital.

1. Which of the following does not correctly differentiate between the physical and human capital?

1. Human capital is intangible whereas physical capital is tangible.
2. Human capital can cope up with the changing technology whereas physcical capital can not.
3. Human capital generates both personal and societal benefits whereas physical capital generates only personal benefit.
4. Human capital gets obsolete with time whereas physcial capital does not.

2. In the context of the paragraph, it can be argued that human capital depreciates faster than the physical capital. The given statement is:

1. True
2. False
3. Partially true
4. Can’t comment due to lack of proper estimation mechenism

3. Machines and industrial tools are examples of:

1. Physical capital
2. Human capital
3. Both physical and human capital
4. Natural capital

4. Investment in education by parents is the same as_______?

1. Investment in intermediate goods by companies
2. Investment in CSR activity by companies
3. Investment in capital goods by companies
4. None of the above

Why was public sector given a leading role in industrial development during the planning period?

'The nature of employment in India is multifaceted.' Elaborate.

Name any four anti-poverty programmes launched by Government in recent years.

Why were the navaratna companies formed originally?

How is unemployment measured in India? Also give trends by these measures.

1. State any one positive contribution made by the British in India.
2. Indicate the volume and direction of foreign trade of India at the time of Independence.

Differentiate between:

1. Formal and Informal Sector.
2. Seasonal and Disguised Unemployment.