What do you mean by laterally inverted?

1. How can you bend light away from the normal?
2. How must light travel out of a substance if it is not going to be refracted?

Define and show on a diagram, the following terms relating to a concave mirror:

1. Aperture.
2. Radius of curvature.

Briefly describe how you would find the focal length of a concave mirror quickly but approximately.

How will you distinguish between a plane mirror, a concave mirror and a convex mirror without touching them?

Three convex lenses are available having focal lengths of 4cm, 40cm and 4m respectively. Which one would you choose as a magnifying glass and why?

An object is placed at a distance of 30cm in front of a convex mirror of focal length 15cm. Write four characteristics of the image formed by the mirror.

Identify the device used as a spherical mirror or lens in following cases, when the image formed is virtual and erect in each case.Object is placed between infinity and device, image formed is diminished and between focus and optical centre on the same side as that of the object.

List four precautions which a student should observe while determining the focal length of a given convex lens by obtaining image of a distant object on a screen.