$I.$ તેઓ ઘણા ઉત્સેચકોને સક્રીય કરે છે.

$II.$ તેઓ ગ્લુકોઝના ઑક્સીડશનમાં ભાગ લઈ $ATP$ બનાવે છે.

$III.$ સોડિયમ આયન સાથે તેવો ચેતા સંકેત ના વહન માટે જવાબદાર છે.

$\begin{align}
  & \begin{matrix}
   O\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,  \\
   ||\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,  \\
   H-O-C-C{{H}_{2}}-C{{H}_{2}}-CH-C{{O}_{2}}H  \\
   \,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,|  \\
   \,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\underset{\oplus }{\mathop{N}}\,{{H}_{3}}  \\
\end{matrix}\,\,\,\,\,(p{{K}_{a}}=2) \\ 
 & (p{{K}_{a}}=4)\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,(p{{K}_{a}}=9) \\ 
\end{align}$