$p$ અને $n$ પ્રકાર ના અર્ધવાહક ક્યાં બંધ ને કારણે બને છે
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a Pentavalent impurities Impurity atoms with $5$ valence electrons produce $n-$ type semiconductors by contributing extra electrons. Trivalentimpurities Impurity atoms with $3$ valence electrons produce $p$ - type semiconductors by producing a "hole" or electron deficiency. The trivalent and pantavalent atoms need an additional electron to form covalent bonds.
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