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Solutions — Chemistry STD 12 Science — Question

Gujarat BoardEnglish MediumSTD 12 ScienceChemistrySolutions4 Marks
Question
Read the passage given below and answer the following questions
Few colligative properties are:
  1. Relative lowering of vapour pressure: depends only on molar concentration of solute (mole fraction) and independent of its nature.
  2. Depression in freezing point: it is proportional to the molal concentration of solution.
  3. Elevation of boiling point: it is proportional to the molal concentration of solute.
  4. Osmotic pressure: it is proportional to the molar concentration of solute
A solution of glucose is prepared with 0.052 g at glucose in 80.2 g of water.(KJ = 1.86K kg mol-1 and Kb = 5.2K kg mol-1)
The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate answer:
  1. Molality of the given solution is.
  1. 0.0052m
  2. 0.0036m
  3. 0.0006m
  4. 1.29m
  1. Boiling point for the solution will be.
  1. 373.05K
  2. 373.15K
  3. 373.02K
  4. 373.02K
  1. The depression in freezing point of solution will be.
  1. 0.0187K
  2. 0.035K
  3. 0.082K
  4. 0.067K
  1. Mole fraction of glucose in the given solution is.
  1. 6.28 × 10-5
  2. 6.28 × 10-4
  3. 0.00625
  4. 0.00028
  1. If same amount of sucrose (C12 H22 O11) is taken instead of glucose, then.
  1. Elevation in boiling point will be higher.
  2. Depression in freezing point will be higher.
  3. Depression in freezing point will be lower.
  4. Both (a) and (b).
✓

Answer

  1. (b) 0.0036m

Explanation:

$\text{m}=\frac{0.052}{180}\times\frac{1000}{80.2}=0.0036$

  1. (c) 373.02K

Explanation:

$\Delta\text{T}_\text{b}=\text{k}_\text{b}\times\text{m}=5.2\times0.0036=0.0187\ \text{K}$

Tb = 373 + 0.0187 = 373.0187 K $\approx$ 373.02 K

  1. (d) 0.067 K

Explanation:

$\Delta\text{T}_\text{f}=\text{k}_\text{f}\times\text{m}=1.86\times0.0036=0.067\ \text{K}$

  1. (a) 6.28 × 10-5

Explanation:

Moles of water $\frac{80.2}{18}=4.455$

Mole fraction of glucose $=\frac{0.00028}{4.45+0.00028}=6.28\times10^{-5}$'

  1. (c) Depression in freezing point will be lower.

Explanation:

Depression in freezing point or elevation in boiling point is proportional to molarity, which is proportional to number of moles. For same amount, higher the molar mass of solute, lower will be number of moles. Hence, lower will be the colligative property.

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Similar questions

Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:

Aniline activates the benzene ring by increasing electron density at ortho- and para-positions. Hence, it is o-, p-directing. -NH2 group strongly activates the ring therefore it is difficult to stop the reaction at monosubstitution stage. Among electrophilic substitution reaction, direct nitration of aniline is not done to get o- and p-nitroaniline because lone pair of electrons present at nitrogen atom will accept proton from nitrating mixture to give anilinium ion which is meta-directing.

Aniline with NaNO2 and HCI forms benzene diazonium chloride at very low temperature. Aromatic amines react with nitrous acid to form a yellow oily liquid known as N-nitrosoamines.

A statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.

  1. Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
  2. Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
  3. Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
  4. Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
  1. Assertion: Nitrating mixture used for carrying out nitration of benzene consists of cone. HNO3 + cone. H2SO4.

Reason: In presence of H2SO4, HNO3 acts as a base and produces $\text{NO}^+_2$ ions.

  1. Assertion: Anilinium chloride is more acidic than ammonium chloride.

Reason: Anilinium ion is not resonance-stabilised.

  1. Assertion: Nitrobenzene can be prepared from benzene by using mixture of cone. HNO3 and cone. H2SO4.

Reason: In the mixture, H2SO4 act as a acid.

  1. Assertion: In strongly acidic solution, aniline becomes less reactive towards electrophilic reagents.

Reason: The amino group being completely protonated in strongly acidic solution, the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen is no longer available for resonance.

  1. Assertion: Nitration of aniline can be done conveniently by protecting -NH2 group through acetylation.

Reason: Acetylation of aniline results in the increase of electron density in the benzene ring.

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ln a reaction, the rates of disappearance of different reactants or rates of formation of different products may not be equal but rate of reaction at any instant of time has the same value expressed in terms of any reactant or product. Further, the rate of reaction may not depend upon the stoichiometric coefficients of the balanced chemical equation. The exact powers of molar concentrations of reactants on which rate depends are found experimentally and expressed in terms of 'order of reaction'. Each reaction has a characteristic rate constant depends upon temperature. The units of the rate constant depend upon the order of reaction.
The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate answer:
  1. The rate constant of a reaction is found to be 3 × 10-3 mol-2 L2 sec-1. The order of the reaction is:
  1. 0.5
  2. 2
  3. 3
  4. 1
  1. ln the reaction, A + 3B → 2C, the rate of formation of C is:
  1. The same as rate of consumption of A.
  2. The same as the rate of consumption of B.
  3. Twice the rate of consumption of A.
  4. $\frac{3}{2}$ times the rate of consumption of B.
  1. Rate of a reaction can be expressed by following rate expression, Rate = k[A]2 [B], if concentration of A is increased by 3 times and concentration of B is increased by 2 times, how many times rate of reaction increases?
  1. 9 times
  2. 27 times
  3. 18 times
  4. 8 times
  1. The rate of a certain reaction is given by, rate = k[H+]n.The rate increases 100 times when the pH changes from 3 to 1. The order (n) of the reaction is:
  1. 2
  2. 0
  3. 1
  4. 1.5
  1. ln a chemical reaction A + 2B → products, when concentration of A is doubled, rate of the reaction increases 4 times and when concentration of B alone is doubled rate continues to be the same. The order of the reaction is:
  1. 1
  2. 2
  3. 3
  4. 4
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Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:

The order of reactivity towards SN1 reaction depends upon the stability of carbocation in the first step. Greater the stability of the carbocation, greater will be its ease of formation from alkyl halide and hence faster will be the rate of the reaction. As we know, 3º carbocation is most stable, therefore, the tert-alkyl that halides will undergo SN1 reaction very fast. For example, it has been observed that the reaction (CH3)3CBr with OH- ion to give 2-methyl-2-propanol is about I million times as fast as the corresponding reaction of the methyl bromide to give methanol.

The primary alkyl halides always react predominantly by SN2 mechanism. On the other hand, the tertiary alkyl halides react predominantly by SN1 mechanism. Secondary alkyl halides may react by either mechanism or by both the mechanisms without much preference depending upon the nature of the nucleophile and solvent.

In these questions (Q. No. i-tv), a statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is given. Choose tile correct answer out of tile following choices.

  1. Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
  2. Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
  3. Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
  4. Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
  1. Assertion: Low concentration of nudeophile favours SN1 mechanism.

Reason: 2º alkyl halides are less reactive than 1º towards SN1 reactions.

  1. Assertion: Polar solvent slows down SN2 reactions.

Reason: CH3-Br is less reactive than CH3Cl.

  1. Assertion: Benzyl bromide when kept in acetone- water it produces benzyl alcohol.

Reason: The reaction follows SN2 mechanism.

  1. Assertion: Rate of hydrolysis of methyl chloride to methanol is higher in DMF than in water.

Reason: Hydrolysis of methyl chloride follows second order kinetics.

  1. Assertion: SN1 reaction is carried out in the presence of a polar protic solvent.

Reason: A polar protic solvent increases the stability of carbocation due to solvation.

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Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
A mixture of two aromatic compounds (A) and (B) was separated by dissolving in chloroform followed by extraction with aqueous KOH solution. The organic layer containing compound (A), when heated with alcoholic solution of KOH produce C7H5N (C) associated with unpleasant odour.
The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate answer:
  1. What is A?
  1. C6H5NH2
  2. C6H5CH3
  3. C6H5CH3
  4. None of these.
  1. The reaction of (A) with alcoholic solution of KOH to produce (C) of unpleasant odour is called:
  1. Sandmeyer reaction.
  2. Carbylamine reaction.
  3. Ullmann reaction.
  4. Reimer-Tiemann reaction..
  1. The alkaline aqueous layer (B) when heated with chloroform and then acidified give a mixture of isomeric compounds of molecular formula C7H6O2. (B) is:
  1. C6H5CHO
  2. C6H5COOH
  3. C6H5CH3
  4. C6H5OH
  1. In the chemical reaction, CH3CH2NH2 + CHCl3 + 3KOH → (A)+ (B) + 3H2O,
  1. C2H5NC and KCl
  2. C2H5CN and KCl
  3. CH3CH2CONH2 and KCl
  4. C2H5NC and K2CO3
  1. Direct nitration of an aromatic compound (A) is not feasible because:
  1. The reaction cannot be stopped at the mononitration stage.
  2. A mixture of o, m and p-nitroaniline is always obtained.
  3. Nitric acid oxidises most of the aromatic compound to give oxidation products along with only a small amount of nitrated products.
  4. All of the above.
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Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
The solubility of gases increases with increase of pressure. William Henry made a systematic investigation of the solubility of a gas in a liquid. According to Henry's law "the mass of a gas dissolved per unit volume of the solvent at constant temperature is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas in equilibrium with the solution". Dalton during the same period also concluded independently that the solubility of a gas in a ti quid solution depends upon the partial pressure of the gas. If we use the mole fraction of gas in the solution as a measure of its solubility, then Henry's law can be modified as "the partial pressure of the gas in the vapour phase is directly proportional to the mole fraction of the gas in the solution"
The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate answer:
  1. Henry's law constant for the solubility of methane in benzene at 298K is 4.27 x 105mm Hg. The solubility of methane in benzene at 298K under 760mm Hg is:
  1. 4.27 × 10-5
  2. 1.78 × 10-3
  3. 4.27 × 10-3
  4. 1.78 × 10-5
  1. The partial pressure of ethane over a saturated solution containing 6.56 × 10-2g of ethane is I bar. If the solution contains 5.00 × 10-2g of ethane then what will be the partial pressure (in bar) of the gas?
  1. 0.762
  2. 1.312
  3. 3.81
  4. 5.0
  1. KH (K bar) values for Ar(g), CO2(g), HCHO(g) and CH4(g) are 40.39, 1.67, 1.83 × 10-5 and 0.413 respectively. Arrange these gases in the order of their increasing solubility. Arrange these gases in the order of their increasing solubility.
  1. HCHO < CH4 < CO2 < Ar
  2. HCHO < CO2 < CH4 < Ar
  3. Ar < CO2 < CH4 < HCHO
  4. Ar < CH4 < CO2 < HCHO
  1. When a gas is bubbled through water at 298K, a very dilute solution of the gas is obtained. Henry's law constant for the gas at 298K is 150 kbar. If the gas exerts a partial pressure of 2 bar, the number of millimoles of the gas dissolved in IL of water is:
  1. 0.55
  2. 0.87
  3. 0.37
  4. 0.66
  1. Which of the following statements is correct?
  1. KH increases with increase of temperature.
  2. KH decreases with increase of temperature.
  3. KH remains constant with increase of temperature.
  4. KH first increases then decreases, with increase of temperature.
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Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:

The aryl halides are relatively less reactive towards nucleophilic substitution reactions as compared to alkyl halides. This low reactivity can be attributed to the following factors:

  • The C - X bond in halobenzene has a partial double bond character due to involvement of halogen electrons in resonance with benzene ring.
  • The C - X bond in aryl halides is less polar as compared to that in alkyl halides as sp2 hyridised carbon is more electronegative than sp3 hybridised carbon.

In these questions (Q. No. i-Iv), a statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.

  1. Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
  2. Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
  3. Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
  4. Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
  1. Assertion: Primary benzylic halides are more reactive than primary alkyl halides towards SN1 reactions.

Reason: Reactivity depends upon the nature of the nucleophile and the solvent.

  1. Assertion: is more reactive than towards nucleophilic substitution reactions.

Reason: Tertiary alkyl halides react predominantly by SN1 mechanism.

  1. Assertion: Chlorobenzene is more reactive than p-chloroanisole to nucleophilic substitution reactions.

Reason: Greater the stability of carbanion, greater is its ease of formation and hence, more reactive is the aryl halide.

  1. Assertion: 4-Nitrochlorobenzene undergoes nucleophilic substitution more readily than chlorobenzene.

Reason: Chlorobenzene undergoes nucleophilic substitution by elimination-addition mechanism while 4-nitrochlorobenzene undergoes nucleophilic substitution by addition-elimination mechanism.

  1. Assertion: Chlorobenzene is less reactive than benzene towards the electrophilic substitution reaction.

Reason: Resonance destabilises the carbocation.

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Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:

Glucose is known as dextrose because it occurs in nature as the optically active dextrorotatory isomer. lt is essential constituent of human blood. The blood normally contains 65 to 110mg of glucose per 100mL (hence named Blood sugar). The level may be much higher in diabetic persons. The urine of diabetic persons also contain considerable amount of glucose. ln combined form, it occurs in cane sugar and polysaccharides such as starch and cellulose.

Glucose has an aldehyde group (-CHO), one primary alcoholic group (-CH2OH) and four secondary alcoholic groups (-CHOH) in their structure. Due to the presence five hydroxyl groups (-OH). glucose undergoes acetylation. Glucose also undergoes oxidation with mild oxidising agents like bromine water as well as with strong oxidising agents like nitric acid. Since glucose is readily oxidised, it acts as a strong reducing agent and reduces Tollen's reagent and Fehling solution. Glucose exists in two crystalline forms: $\alpha$-D-glucose and $\beta$-D-glucose. If either of the two forms is dissolved in water and allowed to stand, the specific rotation of the solution changes gradually, until a constant value is obtained. This change is called mutarotation.

A statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.

  1. Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
  2. Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
  3. Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
  4. Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
  1. Assertion: A diabetic person carries a packet of glucose with him always.

Reason: Glucose increases the blood sugar level almost instantaneously.

  1. Assertion: On oxidation with nitric acid, glucose as well as gluconic acid both yield saccharic acid.

Reason: The pentaacetate of glucose does not react with hydroxylamine indicating the absence of free -CHO group.

  1. Assertion: Glucose reacts with acetyl chloride to form pentaacetyl glucose.

Reason: The formation of pentaacetyl derivative confirms the presence of five -OH groups in glucose.

  1. Assertion: A certain compound gives negative test with ninhydrin and positive test with Benedict's solution, the compound is an amino acid.

Reason: Glucose is a monosaccharide.

  1. Assertion: The rapid interconversion of $\alpha$-D-glucose and $\beta$-D-glucose in solution is known as racemisation.

Reason: Hydrolysis reaction will take place when a mineral acid is treated with sugar.

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Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:

Aldehydes and ketones are reduced to primary and secondary alcohols respectively by NaBH4 or LiAlH4 as well as catalytic hydrogenation. The carbonyl group of aldehydes and ketones is reduced to  group on treatment with Zn-Hg and cone. HCl (Clemmensen reduction) or with hydrazine followed by NaOH or KOH in highly boiling solvent such as ethylene glycol (Wolff-Kishner reduction).Aldehydes differ from ketones in their oxidation reactions. Aldehydes are easily oxidised to carboxylic acids on treatment with HNO3, KMnO4, K2Cr2O7 etc. Even mild oxidising agents mainlyTollens' reagent and Fehling's solution also oxidise aldehydes. Ketones are generally oxidised under vigorous conditions i.e., strong oxidising agents and at elevated temperatures, to give mixture of carboxylic acids having lesser number of C-atoms than the parent ketone.

The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate answer:

  1. Which of the following cannot be made by reduction of ketone or aldehyde with NaBH4 in methanol?
  1. 1-Butanol
  2. 2-Butanol
  3. 2-Methyl-1-propanol
  4. 2-Methyl-2-propanol
  1. The carbonyl compound producing an optically active product by reaction with LiAlH4 is:
  1. Propanone
  2. Butanone
  3. 3-pentanone
  4. Benzophenone
  1. A substance C4H10O (X) yields on oxidation a compound C4H8O which gives an oxime and a positive iodoform test. The substance X on treatment with cone. H2SO4 gives C4H8. The structure of the compound (X) is:
  1. CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
  2. CH3CH(OH)CH2CH3
  3. (CH3)3COH
  4. CH3CH2 - O - CH2CH3
  1. In the oxidation of  by acidified K2Cr2O7, the products are:

  1. $\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \text{O}\\\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ ||\\\text{CH}_3-\ ^\text{14}\text{C}-\text{OH}$ and $\text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{COOH}$

  2. $\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \text{O}\\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ ||\\\text{CH}_3(\text{CH}_2)_2\text{COOH}-\text{C}-\text{OH}$ and $ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 14\\\text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{COOH}$

  3. $\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 14\\\text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{CH}_2\text{COOH}+\text{HCOOH}$

  4. None of these.

  1. The appropriate reagent for the following transformation is:

  1. $\text{Na}_2\text{NH}_2,^-\text{OH}$

  2. $\text{NaBH}_4$

  3. $\frac{\text{H}_2}{\text{Ni}}$

  4. $\text{AICl}_3$

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Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:

According to Raoult's law, the partial pressure of two components of the solution maybe given as:

$\text{P}_\text{A}=\stackrel{{0}}{\hbox{PA }}\text{x}_\text{A}$ and $\text{P}_\text{B}=\stackrel{{0}}{\hbox{PB }}\text{x}_\text{B}$

For an ideal solution (obeys Raoult's law always)

$\Delta\text{H}_\text{mix}=0,\Delta\text{mix}=0$

All solutions do not obey Raoults law over entire range of concentration. These are known as non-ideal solutions.

For non-ideal solutions, $\text{P}_\text{A}\not=\stackrel{{0}}{\hbox{PA }}\text{x}_\text{A}$ or $\text{P}_\text{B}\not=\stackrel{{0}}{\hbox{PB }}\text{x}_\text{B}$

Positive deviation $\Rightarrow\text{P}_\text{A}>\stackrel{{0}}{\hbox{PA }}\text{x}_\text{A}$ and $\text{P}_\text{B}>\stackrel{{0}}{\hbox{PB }}\text{x}_\text{B}$

Negative deviation $\text{P}_\text{A}<\stackrel{{0}}{\hbox{PA }}\text{x}_\text{A}$ and $\text{P}_\text{B}\stackrel{{0}}{\hbox{PB }}\text{x}_\text{B}$

A statement of assertion followed by a statement ofreason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.

  1. Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
  2. Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
  3. Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
  4. Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
  1. Assertion: An ideal solution obeys Raoult's law.

Reason: In an ideal solution, solute-solute as well as solvent-solvent interactions are similar to solute-solvent interactions.

  1. Assertion: Acetone and aniline show negative deviations.

Reason: H-bonding between acetone and aniline is stronger than that between acetone-acetone and aniline-aniline.

  1. Assertion: Azeotropic mixtures are formed only by non-ideal solutions and they may have boiling points either greater than both the components or lesser than both the components.

Reason: The composition of the vapour phase is same as that of the liquid phase of an azeotropic mixture.

  1. Assertion: The solutions which show negative deviations from Raoult's law are called maximum boiling azeotropes.

Reason: 68% nitric acid and 32% water by mass fonn maximum boiling azeotrope.

  1. Assertion: $\Delta\text{H}_{\text{mix}}$ mix and $\Delta\text{V}_{\text{mix}}$ are positive for an ideal solution.

Reason: The interactions between the particles of the components of an ideal solution are almost identical as between particles in the liquids.

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Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:

(A), (B) and (C) are three non-cyclic functional isomers of a carbonyl compound with molecular formula C4H8O. Isomers (A) and (C) give positive Tollen's test whereas isomer (B) does not give Tollen's test but gives positive iodoform test. Isomers (A) and (B) on reduction with $\frac{\text{Zn(Hg)}}{\text{conc.}}.$ HCl give the same product (D).

The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate answer:

  1. Compound A is:

  1. $\text{CH}_3-\text{CH}-\text{CHO}\\\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ |\\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \text{CH}_3$

  2. $\text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{CH}_2\text{CHO}$

  3. $\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \text{O}\\\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ ||\\\text{CH}_3-\text{C}-\text{CH}_2-\text{CH}_3$

  4. None of these.
  1. Compound (C) is:
  1. Iso-butyraldehyde
  2. Butyraldehyde
  3. Crotonaldehyde
  4. Acrolein
  1. Compound (B) can be obtained by:

  1. $\text{CH}_3-\text{C}\equiv\text{C}-\text{CH}_2-\text{CH}_3\xrightarrow[333\text{K}]{\text{dil.H}_2\text{SO}_4+\text{HgSO}_4}$

  2. $(\text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{COO})_2\text{Ca}\xrightarrow{\text{Dry distill}}$

  3. $\text{CH}_3-\text{C}\equiv\text{C}-\text{CH}_3\xrightarrow[\frac{\text{H}_2\text{O}_2}{\text{NaOH}}]{\frac{\text{B}_2\text{H}_6}{\text{THF}}}$

  4. $\text{CH}_3-\text{CH}=\text{CH}-\text{CH}_3\xrightarrow[\frac{\text{ZN}}{\text{H}_2\text{O}}]{\text{O}_3}$

  1. Out of (A), (B) and ( C) isomers, which one is least reactive towards addition of HCN?
  1. A
  2. B
  3. C
  4. All are equally reactive.
  1. What will be the product when (B) reacts with ethylene glycol in presence of HCl gas?
  1.  

  1.  

  1.  

  1. None of these.
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