Question
Solve the differential equation $\left(\tan ^{-1} y-x\right) d y=\left(1+y^2\right) d x$

Answer

Rewrite as a linear differential equation in $x: \frac{d x}{d y}+\frac{x}{1+y^2}=\frac{\tan ^{-1} y}{1+y^2}$
This is of the form $\frac{d x}{d y}+P x=Q$, where $P=\frac{1}{1+y^2}$ and $Q=\frac{\tan ^{-1} y}{1+y^2}$.
Integrating Factor (I.F.): $e^{\int P d y}=e^{\int \frac{1}{1+y^2} d y}=e^{\tan ^{-1} y}$
$x(I . F)=.\int(Q$.I.F.) $d y+C x e^{\tan ^{-1} y}$
$=\int \frac{\tan ^{-1} y}{1+y^2} e^{\tan ^{-1}} y d y$ Let $\tan ^{-1}$
$y=t \Longrightarrow \frac{1}{1+y^2} d y=d t x e^t=$ $\int t e^t d t=(t-1) e^t+C$
$x=\tan ^{-1} y-1+C e^{-\tan ^{-1} y}$

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