Question
The logarithmic function expressed as $\log _e R^{+} \rightarrow R$ and given by $\log _e x=y$ iff $e^y=x$. The graph of the function is given below :
Image
(i) Domain of $f(x)=(0, \infty)$ or $R^{+}$
(ii) Range of $f(x)=(-\infty, \infty)$ or $R$

To find the limit of functions involving logarithmic function, we use the following theorem Theorem $\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\log _e(1+x)}{x}=1$

Based on above information, answer the following questions.

(i) $\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\log _e(1+5 x)}{x}$ is equal to
    (a) 5     (b) 4     (c) 3     (d) 1

(ii) $\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\log _e(1+6 x)-5 x^2}{x}$ is equal to
    (a) 1     (b) 2     (c) 3     (d) 6

(iii) $\quad \lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\sqrt{1+x}-1}{\log (1+x)}$ is equal to
    (a) 1     (b) $\frac{1}{2}$     (c) $\frac{1}{3}$     (d) $\frac{3}{2}$

(iv) $\quad \lim _{x \rightarrow 5} \frac{\log x-\log 5}{x-5}$ is equal to
    (a) $\frac{1}{5}$     (b) $\frac{3}{5}$     (c) $\frac{1}{4}$     (d) $\frac{2}{3}$

(v) $\quad \lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\log (5+x)-\log (5-x)}{x}$ is equal to
    (a) $\frac{1}{5}$     (b) $\frac{2}{5}$     (c) $\frac{3}{5}$     (d) $\frac{4}{5}$

Answer

(i)
We have, $\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\log _e(1+5 x)}{x}$
$
\begin{aligned}
& =5 \lim _{5 x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\log _e(1+5 x)}{5 x}=5 \times 1=5 \\
& {[\because x \rightarrow 0 \Rightarrow 5 x \rightarrow 0]}
\end{aligned}
$

(ii)
We have, $\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\log _{\ell}(1+6 x)-5 x^2}{x}$
$
\begin{aligned}
& =6 \lim _{6 x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\log _e(1+6 x)}{6 x}-5 \lim _{x \rightarrow 0} x \\
& {[\because x \rightarrow 0 \Rightarrow 6 x \rightarrow 0]} \\
& =6 \times(1)-5 \times(0)=6
\end{aligned}
$

(iii)
$
\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\sqrt{1+x}-1}{\log (1+x)}
$
On multiplying numerator and denominator by $\sqrt{1+x}+1$, we get

$\begin{aligned} \lim _{x \rightarrow 0} & \frac{\sqrt{1+x}-1}{\log (1+x)} \times \frac{\sqrt{1+x}+1}{(\sqrt{1+x}+1)} \\ & =\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{1+x-1}{(\sqrt{1+x}+1) \log (1+x)} \\ & =\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{x}{(\sqrt{1+x}+1) \log (1+x)} \\ & =\frac{1}{(\sqrt{1+0}+1)} \lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{1}{\frac{\log (1+x)}{x}} \\ & =\frac{1}{1+1} \times \frac{1}{\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\log (1+x)}{x}} \\ & =\frac{1}{1+1} \times 1=\frac{1}{2}\end{aligned}$

(iv)
Put $x-5=h$ and as $x \rightarrow 5$, then $h \rightarrow 0$
$
\begin{aligned}
& \therefore \lim _{h \rightarrow 0} \frac{\log (h+5)-\log 5}{h} \\
& =\lim _{\frac{h}{5} 0} \frac{\log \left(1+\frac{h}{5}\right)}{\frac{h}{5} \times 5}=\frac{1}{5} \\
& {\left[\begin{array}{rl}
\because \log m-\log n & =\log \frac{m}{n}, \\
h \rightarrow 0 & \Rightarrow \frac{h}{5} \rightarrow 0
\end{array}\right]} \\
&
\end{aligned}
$

(v)
$
\begin{gathered}
\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\log \left\{5\left(1+\frac{x}{5}\right)\right\}-\log \left\{5\left(1-\frac{x}{5}\right)\right\}}{x} \\
=\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\left\{\log 5+\log \left(1+\frac{x}{5}\right)\right\}-\left\{\log 5+\log \left(1-\frac{x}{5}\right)\right\}}{x} \\
=\lim _{\frac{x}{5} \rightarrow 0} \frac{1}{5} \frac{\log \left(1+\frac{x}{5}\right)}{\frac{x}{5}}-\lim _{\frac{x}{5} \rightarrow 0} \frac{\log \left(1-\frac{x}{5}\right)}{-\frac{x}{5}} \cdot \frac{1}{(-5)}
\end{gathered}
$
$\begin{aligned} & {\left[\because x \rightarrow 0 \Rightarrow \frac{x}{5} \rightarrow 0\right]} \\ & =\frac{1}{5} \times(1)+\frac{1}{5} \times(1)=\frac{2}{5}\end{aligned}$

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