Question
Tuberculosis is a highly infectious disease. Justify. Also comment on its prevention and treatment.
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Answer
Yes, $TB$ is highly contagious and can be transmitted from an infected person to an uninfected person, mainly when a person with $TB$ coughs, sneezes, speaks, or even sings (known as airborne transmission or airborne disease). Other people who breathe in the aerosolized bacteria can become infected. $TB$ treatment as $TB$ prevention. $TB$ drug treatment for the prevention of $TB$, also known as chemoprophylaxis, can reduce the risk of a first episode of active $TB$ occurring in people with latent $TB$. The treatment of latent $TB$ is being used as a tool to try and eliminate $TB$ in the United States. Isoniazid is one of the drugs used to prevent latent $TB$ from progressing to active $TB$ or $TB$ disease. Isoniazid is a cheap drug, but in a similar way to the use of the $BCG$ vaccine, it is mainly used to protect individuals rather than to interrupt transmission between adults. This is because children rarely have infectious $TB$, and it is hard to administer isoniazid on a large scale to adults who do not have any symptoms. Taking isoniazid daily for six months is difficult in respect of adherence, and as a result many individuals who could benefit from the treatment, stop taking the drug before the end of the six month period. There have also been concerns about the possible impact of $TB$ treatment for prevention programmes on the emergence of drug resistance. However, a review of the scientific evidence has now shown that there is no need for this to be a concern. The benefit of isoniazid preventative therapy for people living with $HIV,$ and who have, or may have had latent $TB$, has also recently been emphasized.
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