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Carbon and its Compounds — Science STD 10 — Question

CBSE BoardEnglish MediumSTD 10ScienceCarbon and its Compounds3 Marks
Question
What is the difference between the molecules of soaps and detergents, chemically? Explain the cleansing action of soaps.
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Answer

Soaps
Detergents
Soap molecules are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain carboxylic acids.
Detergent molecules are ammonium or sulphonate salts of long-chain carboxylic acids
They form scum upon reaction with calcium and magnesium ions present in hard water.
They do not form insoluble precipitates with calcium and magnesium ions.
Cleansing action of soaps: The oily spot present on clothes is organic in nature and insoluble in water. Therefore, it cannot be removed by only washing with water. When soap is dissolved in water, its hydrophobic ends attach themselves to the oily spot and remove it from the cloth. Then, the molecules of soap arrange themselves in the form of micelle and trap the dirt at the centre of the cluster. These micelles remain suspended in the water. Hence, the oily spots are easily rinsed away by water.

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