Question
What is the general formula of ethers?
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Answer
The general formula of ethers is $C _n H _{2 n+2} O$. For example, dimethyl ether $CH _3- O - CH _3$ has molecular formula $C _2 H _6 O$.
Common nomenclature system:
(1) In this system, monohydric alcohols $( R - OH )$ are named as alkyl alcohols.
(2) According to the attachment of hydroxyl group to a carbon atom they are named with prefixes as n-(normal or primary) alcohol, sec-(secondary) alcohol, tert-(tertiary) alcohol.
(3) Alcohols with two hydroxyl groups are named as glycols.
Carbinol system : In this system alcohols are considered as derivatives of methyl alcohol which is called carbinol. The alkyl group attached to the carbon carrying $- OH$ group are named in alphabetical order. Then the suffix carbinol is added.
IUPAC system of nomenclature :
Common nomenclature system:
(1) In this system, monohydric alcohols $( R - OH )$ are named as alkyl alcohols.
(2) According to the attachment of hydroxyl group to a carbon atom they are named with prefixes as n-(normal or primary) alcohol, sec-(secondary) alcohol, tert-(tertiary) alcohol.
(3) Alcohols with two hydroxyl groups are named as glycols.
Carbinol system : In this system alcohols are considered as derivatives of methyl alcohol which is called carbinol. The alkyl group attached to the carbon carrying $- OH$ group are named in alphabetical order. Then the suffix carbinol is added.
IUPAC system of nomenclature :
- In this system, alcohols are named as alkanols.
- A longest continuous chain of carbon atoms containing – OH group is chosen as a parent hydrocarbon and alcohol is considered as a hydroxy derivative of this alkane.
- The carbon atoms are numbered from a terminal carbon atom nearest to a carbon atom attached to – OH group so that the position of – OH group is indicated by the lowest locant.
- ‘e’ of an alkane is preplaced by ‘oT, giving alkanol. The number of OH groups is indicated by prefix, di, tri, etc. before ‘oT. The positions of -OH groups are indicated by appropriate locants.
- The different substituents are arranged in the alphabetical order, and their positions are indicated by proper numbers.
- Their names are hyphened on either sides except the last substituent.
- For cyclic alcohols are named by using prefix cyclo to the parent alkane considering – OH group attached to carbon atom C – 1.
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