Social Institutions: Continuity and Change — Sociology STD 12 Humanities — Question

How have tribes been classified in India?

What are some of the features of social stratification?

What are some of the features of social stratification? Explain.

What are the factors behind the assertion of tribal identities today?

How many caste and kin networks contribute to the success of a business?

Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
Population growth always outstrips growth in production of subsistence resources; hence the only way to increase prosperity is by controlling the growth of population. Unfortunately, humanity has only a limited ability to voluntarily reduce the growth of its population (through ‘preventive checks’ such as postponing marriage or practicing sexual abstinence or celibacy). Malthus believed therefore that ‘positive checks’ to population growth- in the form of famines and diseases- were inevitable because they were nature’s way of dealing with the imbalance between food supply and increasing population. Malthus was also criticized by liberal and Marxist scholars for asserting that poverty was caused by population growth. Critics argued that problems like poverty and starvation were caused by the unequal distribution of economic resources rather than by population growth.

1. What were the preventive and positive checks suggested by Malthus for controlling growth of population?
2. Malthus was criticized by the liberal and Marxist scholars. Explain.

How colonial rule facilitated Indian consciousness to emerge? Discuss.

Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:Kumar embodies the spirit of the dalits of Gohana. In his early 30s, he is not the scavenger the caste society ordered him to be, but a senior assistant in an insurance company. Most dalits have embraced education and stepped across the line of control of the caste system. “There are many of us who have a Masters Degree and work in private and government jobs. Most of our boys go to school and so do the girl,” he said. […] the young men of the Valmiki colony are not the stereotyped, submissive, suffering Dalits that one would traditionally expect to encounter. Dressed in imitationNike shoes and wrangler jeans, their Body language is defiant. However, the journey of upward social mobility remains tough for the vast majority of landless Dalits in Haryana. “most boys drop out after high school because of acute poverty,” said SudeshKataria, an assistant engineer working for a multinational company.. He has a diploma in electrical engineering from the industrial training institute, Gurgaon. Kataria’s best friend at ITI, a jat, once invited him to a family wedding but insisted that he shouldn’t reveal his identity. “at the wedding a guest asked me about my caste and I lied. Then he asked me about my village and I told him the truth. He knew my village was a dalit village.” A fight broke out between the hosts and the guestshow can they let a dalit in? “They washed the chair I sat on and threw me out,” Kataria recalls.
Kataria wants a new life for the dalits- he campaigns throughout the village of Gurgaon with other educated Dalits. “Our people will rise, stronger and powerful. We need to unite. Andonce we unite and fight back, there will be no Gohanas or Jhajjars. Not anymore.”

1. What is the meaning of Dalits?
2. Highlight the initiatives taken by the State to abolish caste discrimination.

Highlight the sources of conflict between national development and tribal development.