Question
Write a self-explanatory note on biopatent.

Answer

It is a set of exclusive rights granted by a government to the inventors or their assignee to prevent others from commercial use of their invention. And when patent is granted for biological entities and for products derived from them, they are called biopatents. Primarily USA, Japan and members of European Union are awarding biopatents.

Need a full question paper?

Generate a complete, print-ready paper with questions like this in minutes — across 16+ boards, with answer keys.

Start Generating Free

Similar questions

Explain the methods for making host cell competent to insert the r DNA.
​​​​Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to (v) given below:

Edward Wilson described diversity at all levels of biological organisation ranging from macromolecules inside the cells to biomes. It is of three inter-related hierarchial levels-genetic diversity, species diversity and conununity ecosystem diversity. Species diversity is the variety in the number and richness of the species of a region. For example, the Western ghats have a greater amphibian species diversity than the Eastern ghats.

  1. The number of species per unit area is called.
  1. Species evenness.
  2. Species richness.
  3. Species equitability.
  4. Both (a) and (c).
  1. The table below gives the population (in thousands) of ten species (A - J) in four areas (I - IV) consisting of the number of habitats given within brackets against each. Study the table and answer the question which follows:
Area and number of habitats
Species and their population (in thousands) in the area
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
I(11)
23
12
0.52
6.0
-
3.1
1.1
9.0
-
10.3
II(11)
10.2
-
0.62
-
1.5
3.0
-
8.2
1.1
11.2
III(13)
11.3
0.9
0.48
2.4
1.4
4.2
0.8
8.4
2.2
4.1
IV(12)
3.2
10.2
1.1
4.8
0.4
3.3
0.8
7.3
1.3
2.1
Which are out of I to IV shows maximum species diversity?

  1. II
  2. III
  3. IV
  4. I
  1. Study the given populations and choose the correct answer in relation to species diversity.
Population
Species
Species
Individuals
Population A
I
Mammals
3
II
Birds
2
III
Amphibians
2
Population B
I
Mammals
2
II
Mammals
2
III
Amphibians
1
Population C
I
Mammals
3
II
Mammals
2
III
Mammals
4

 

 
Maximum diversity
Minimum diversity
(a)
Population B
Population C
(b)
Population A
Population C
(c)
Population A
Population B
(d)
Population B
Population A
  1. The concept of species diversity has two components : evenness and richness. Evenness is based on the relative abundance of species. Richness is based on the total number of species present. Diversity indices combine a measure of richness and evenness. The Simpson index (D) is calculated from the following equations:

$\text{D}=\displaystyle\sum_{\text{i}=1}(\text{n}_\text{i}/\text{N})^2$

where, n = total number of organisms of particular species

N = total number of organisms of all species

Below are data collected in two terrestrial plant conununities that represent part of a successional chronosequence. ln this case the values were measured as percent cover.

Early Successional Community
Late Successional Community
Species
Percent Cover
Species
Percent Cover
A
83
F
24
B
5
G
20
C
9
H
18
D
2
I
23
E
1
J
15
The data indicate that, relative to the early successional community, the late successional community has which of the following characteristics?

 
Species Richness
Evenness
(a)
Higher
Higher
(b)
Higher
Lower
(c)
Same
Lower
(d)
Same
Higher
  1. Select the incorrect statement regarding species diversity.
  1. It results in polymorph formation and is useful in adaptation to changes in environmental conditions.
  2. Number of individuals of different species represent species evenness.
  3. It influences biotic interactions and stability of the community.
  4. It is a trait of the community.
Give a brief account of evolution of vertebrates.
Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to (v) given below:

In a study to test a new vaccine against a viral disease, mouse model testing is done. In this process, mice are vaccinated and their blood samples were tested. Mice developed mild disease symptom. After few days those mice were again infected with the virus. This time they do not show any disease symptoms. Their blood samples were tested. Two graphs show antibody concentration for the first and second infection in mice blood.

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

  1. P and Qin the given graphs indicate.
  1. IgM and IgG respectively.
  2. IgG and IgM respectively
  3. IgG and IgM respectively
  4. IgM and IgA respectively.
  1. Which form of pathogen is used in vaccination?
  1. Activated and strong pathogenic antigen.
  2. Inactivated and weakened pathogenic antigen.
  3. Hyperactive and strong pathogen.
  4. Preformed antibodies.
  1. Which of the following is incorrect for P?
  1. It is the most abundant class of lg.
  2. It is found in blood, lymph, and intestine.
  3. It is unable to cross the placental barrier.
  4. It is a monomer.
  1. How does vaccination work?
  1. The immune system produces antibodies which stay in the blood.
  2. Memory lymphocytes remain in the body to fight off any future infection with the same pathogen.
  3. The dead pathogen stays in the body and constantly stimulates the immune system.
  4. All of these.
  1. Assertion: Mice do not show any disease symptoms during second exposure to the pathogenic virus.

Reason: The antibody production is accelerated and more intense during secondary immune response.

  1. Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
  2. Both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
  3. Assertion is true, but reason is false.
  4. Both assertion and reason are false.
Give an account of energy flow in an ecosystem.
Explain Mutualism as a population interaction with suitable examples.###Explain Mutualism with examples
Given below is the pattern of temperature in a person suffering from a non-viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes. Study the graph and answer the questions that follow:
Image
A. Explain the factor(s) responsible for this pattern of temperature.
B. How does this pathogen multiply in the human body?
C. How is this infection transmitted to humans?
OR
D. Which stages of the life cycle of this pathogen are completed in the mosquito's gut?
Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to (v) given below:

Aditya went to his hometown located in countryside along with his parents during his summer vacations. His grand parents' house is surrounded by farmland from all sides. Lots of crops were growing nearby and Aditya was very excited to visit the crop fields. He seeked permission from his mother to play in farmland along with his friends and then went to play in the fields. On returning back he had running nose, watering eyes and continuous sneezing which was very frequent. TI1e symptoms worsened with time. Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

  1. What could be the possible reason for Aditya's condition?
  1. Allergy
  2. Infection
  3. Malnutrition
  4. Genetic disorder
  1. How can allergy be diagnosed in a person?
  1. Presence of large amount of IgE antibodies in the blood.
  2. Presence of large number of bacteria in the blood.
  3. Presence of bilirubin and bilirubin pigments in the stool.
  4. Presence of sickle shaped RBCs in the blood
  1. The symptoms which Aditya developed on account of being allergic are consequence of?
  1. Inflammation of membrane lining the nose and conjunctiva
  2. Swelling up of tissue surrounding bronchioles of lungs
  3. Dilation of all arteries so that large amount of fluid passes from blood to tissues.
  4. All of these.
  1. Name the type of allergy that Aditya developed.
  1. Asthma
  2. Anaphylaxis
  3. Hay fever
  4. Urticaria
  1. Assertion : Hay fever is the form of allergy due to pollens of grasses and other plants.

Reason : Hay fever symptoms are due to release of histamines and often respond well to treatment with antihistamines.

  1. Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
  2. Both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
  3. Assertion is true, but reason is false.
  4. Both assertion and reason are false.
What is oogenesis? Give a brief account of oogenesis.###Define or Characterise: (i) Primary oocyte. (ii) Primary follicle. (iii) Secondary follicle. (iv) Tertiary follicle. (v) Antrum. (vi) Secondary oocyte. (vii) Graafian follicle.
Read the following text carefully and answer the questions that follow:
The pathogen of a disease depends on RBCs of human for growth and reproduction. The person with this
pathogen suffers with chill and high fever.
Image
i. Identify the disease. (1)
ii. Name the pathogen. (1)
iii. What is the cause of fever? (2)
OR
Represent the life cycle of the pathogen diagrammatically. (2)