Answer

  1. a = sp2, b = sp3, c = sp3, d = sp2

Explanation:

Carbon (a) forms 2 sigma bond and 1 pi bond, So it is sp2

Carbon (b) forms 4 sigma bond, so it is sp3

Carbon (c) forms 4 sigma bond, so it is sp3

Carbon (d) forms 1 pi bond and 2 sigma bond, So it is sp2

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