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INDICATORS OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT — Economics STD 12 Commerce — Question

Gujarat BoardEnglish MediumSTD 12 CommerceEconomicsINDICATORS OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT5 Marks
Question
Write short note on Human Development Index.
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Answer

$1.$ Introduction:
  • Human Development index was presented as a measurement of development by $UNDP ($United Nations Development Programme$)$ in $1990$ which focus on human development.
  • Three things are to be considered here.
  • $(i)$ Life Expectancy $(ii)$ Knowledge $(iii)$ Good standard of living.
$2.$ Construction of $HDI:$
  • The maximum value of $HDI.$
  • The value near to $1$ is developed country and far to $1$ is under developed country.
  • The value of $HDI$ is between $0$ to $1.$
  • Here, other indicators are also measured which are as follow :
  • $GDI =$ Gender Development Index $(ii)\ TAI = $ Technology Achievement Index.
  • $HPI =$ Human Poverty Index $(iv)\ HCI =$ Human Consumer Index.
$3.$ Importance of $HDI:$
$(1\ HDI$ is complete as it not only takes economic factors but also includes social welfare b education and health.
$(2)$ The ultimate objective is only human welfare.
$(3)$ True progress $=$ Economic progress $+$ social progress
$(4)\ HDI$ is functional. A rise in $HDI$ ranking indicates that health and education have improved in the country.
$(5)$ Developing countries get an idea as to where there is scope for development and i which direction should be the government work by looking into the $HDI.$
$(6)\ HDI$ is progressive in its approach.
$4.$ Limitation of $HDI:$
$(1)$ Only three social indicators are included in $HDI$ which is less. Other indicators are ignored.
$(2)$ All indicators are given equal weight age. But in reality, in different situations, different indicators become important.
$(3)$ Human development Index is not an absolute expression. It only shows the relative progress, as it compares one country with the other.
$5.\ HDI$ for some countries of the world, $HDR\ 2015:$
  • The human development mm of $2014,$ which was published in $2015$ shows the extent of human development of some countries in the following table:
  • Here $188$ countries are included and divided in to $4$ parts.
Country In $HDI (2014)$ Gross National Income $(GNI)$ Average expectancy at birth $(ALE)$ Expected years of schooling Average no. of years in school
Value Rank
Norway $0.944$ $1$ $64992$ $81.6$ $17.5$ $12.6$
America $0.915$ $8$ $52947$ $79.1$ $16.5$ $12.9$
China $0.727$ $90$ $12547$ $75.8$ $13.1$ $7.5$
India $0.609$ $130$ $5497$ $68.0$ $11.7$ $5.4$
Pakistan $0.538$ $147$ $4866$ $66.2$ $7.8$ $4.7$
Niger $0.348$ $188$ $908$ $61.4$ $5.4$ $1.5$
$6.$ Analysis:
$(1)\ HDI$ is measured in $2014$ and represent in $2015$ as $HDR.$
$(2)$ It included $188$ countries.
$(3)$ It classified countries into $4$ parts.
$(A)$ Countries having highest $($Maximum$)$ human development:
  • The average value of human development of $1st$ to $49th$ countries is $0.890.$
$(B)$ Countries having high human development:
  • The average value of human development of $50$ to $105$ countries is $0.735.$
$(C)$ Countries with moderate human development:
  • Average value of $HDI$ of countries with $106th$ to $143rd$ ranks is $0.614.$
$(D)$ Countries having low development:
  • Average value of $HDI$ of countries with $144th$ to $188th$ in $0.493.$
$(4)$ In $2014$ Norway is number $1$ with $0.944$ human development.
$(5)$ India is $130th$ in the list of $188$ countries with $0.609.$
$(6)$ India comes in moderate human development countries in the classification of human development index.
$(7)$ Niger is the continent of Africa with $0.348,$ comes last in the order of $HDI$ of $2015.$
$(8)$ From the view point of figure $49$ countries have highest human development, $56$ countries have high human development, $38$ countries have moderate human development and $45$ countries have low human development.

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