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Question 12 Marks
What happens to the image distance in the eye when we increase the distance of an object from the eye?
Answer
The image is formed on the retina even on increasing the distance of an object from the eye. For this eye lens becomes thinner and its focal length increases as the object is moved away from the eye.
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Question 22 Marks
Why is a normal eye not able to see clearly the objects placed closer than 25 cm?
Answer
A normal eye is unable to clearly see the objects placed closer than 25 cm because the ciliary muscles of eyes are unable to contract beyond a certain limit.
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Question 32 Marks
The far point of a myopic person is 80 cm in front of the eye. What is the nature and power of the lens required to correct the problem?
Answer
The person is suffering from an eye defect called myopia. In this defect, the image is formed in front of the retina.

Hence, a concave lens is used to correct this defect of vision.

Object distance, u = infinity = $\infty$

Image distance, v = - 80 cm

Focal length = f

According to the lens formula,

$\frac{1}{\text{v}}-\frac{1}{\text{u}}=\frac{1}{\text{f}}$

$-\frac{1}{80}-\frac{1}{\infty}=\frac{1}{\text{f}}$

$\frac{1}{\text{f}}=-\frac{1}{80}$

$\text{f} = -80 \text{ cm} = -0.8\text{ cm}$

We know,

Power, $\text{P}=\frac{1}{\text{f(in metres)}}$

$\text{P}=\frac{1}{-0.8}=-1.25 \ \text{D}$

A concave lens of power -1.25 D is required by the person to correct his defect.

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Question 42 Marks
A person needs a lens of power –5.5 dioptres for correcting his distant vision. For correcting his near vision he needs a lens of power +1.5 dioptre. What is the focal length of the lens required for correcting (i) distant vision, and (ii) near vision?
Answer
  1. For distance vision, given f = ?, P = -5.5 D

Using the relation

$\text{P}=\frac{1}{\text{f}} \ \text{or} \ \text{f}=\frac{1}{\text{P}}$

or $\text{f}=\frac{100}{-5.5} =-18.2 \ \text{cm}$

  1. For near vision, given f = ?

P = +1.5 D

Using the relation

$\text{P}=\frac{1}{\text{f}} \ \text{or} \ \text{f}=\frac{1}{\text{P}}$

or $\text{f}=\frac{100}{1.5} =66.7 \ \text{cm}$

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Question 52 Marks
Why does the sky appear dark instead of blue to an astronaut?
Answer
Blue colour of the sky is on account of scattering of light of shorter wavelength by particles in the atmosphere of earth. If the earth had no atmosphere, there would not have been any scattering and sky would have looked dark. When astronaut in his spacecraft goes above the atmosphere of earth, sky appears dark to him because there is no scattering of light.
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Question 62 Marks
Why do stars twinkle?
Answer
Stars twinkle due to atmospheric refraction of starlight. As the stars are very away they behave as almost point sources of light. As on account of atmospheric refraction, the path of rays of light coming from the star goes on varying slightly, the apparent position of the star fluctuates and the amount of light entering the eye flickers, so sometimes the star appear brighter and at some other time, fainter. Thus the stars twinkle.
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Question 72 Marks
Draw a labelled ray diagram to illustrate the dispersion of a narrow beam of white light when it passes through glass prism.
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Question 82 Marks
Explain with the help of a diagram, how we are able to observe the sunrise about two minutes before the sun gets above the horizon.
Answer


Sunrise can be observed two minutes before the sun actually gets above the horizon because of the phenomenon of bending of light as a result of atmospheric refraction. The rays coming from the sun get refracted because of the difference in the density of the atmospheric layers and then reach the observer. Thus, the light coming is perceived as coming from the sun and hence, the sunrise is seen two minutes before it actually rises.

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Question 92 Marks
Draw a ray diagram to show the refraction of light through a glass prism. Mark on it,
  1. The incident ray,
  2. The emergent ray,
  3. The angle of deviation.
Answer
Incident ray, the emergent ray and the angle of deviation is as marked in the diagram below:

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Question 102 Marks
When we place a glass prism in the path of a narrow beam of white light a spectrum is obtained. What happens when a second identical prism is placed in an inverted position with respect to the first prism? Draw a labelled ray diagram to illustrate it.
Answer
When the second identical prism is placed in an inverted position with respect to the first prism recombination of the spectrum from white light again.
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Question 112 Marks
A star sometimes appears brighter and some other times fainter. What is this effect called? State the reason for this effect.
Answer
A star sometimes appears brighter and some other times fainter because of twinkling effect. Atmospheric refraction gives rise to twinkling effect. Light which is travelling through different layers of the atmosphere bents in different directions making the stars twinkle.
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Question 122 Marks
What is meant by the dispersion of white light? Draw a diagram to show dispersion of white light by the glass prism.
Answer
The splitting up of white light into its constituent colours on passing through a refracting medium like a glass prism is called dispersion of light.
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Question 132 Marks
Explain why the planets do not twinkle but the stars twinkle.
Answer
Planets, being much closer to the earth are considered as extended source of light. Stars, being distant, are taken as point sized sources of light. The light coming from stars goes on varying due to atmospheric refraction pro-during twinkling effect.
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Question 142 Marks
In the figure given below a narrow beam of white light is shown to pass through a triangular glass prism. After passing through the prism it produces a spectrum XY on a screen.

  1. State the colour seen at X and Y.
  2. Why do different colours of white light bend through different angles with respect to the incident beam of light?
Answer
  1. X-Violet, Y-Red.
  2. Different colors of white light bend through different angles with respect to the incident beam of light due to the difference in speed of light of different wavelengths and Refractive index of glass is different for different colours of light.
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Question 152 Marks
The electronic configuration of an element is 2, 8, 4. State its:
  1. Group and period in the modern periodic table.
  2. Name and write its one physical property.
Answer
  1. Group - 14, Period - 3.
  2. Silicon.

Non - metallic/ poor conductor of electricity.

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Question 162 Marks
How it can be proved that the basic structure of the modern periodic table is based on the electronic configuration of atoms of different elements?
Answer
Modern periodic table consists of groups and periods. Where number of valence electrons determines the group and number of shells determines the period.
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Question 172 Marks
Write the structure of eye lens and state the role of ciliary museles in the human eye.
Answer


The eye lens being convex in nature converges the light rays incident on it. Hence, it focuses the light falling on it on a thin layer of nerve cells called the retina. Two Ciliary muscles hold the lens within the eye-ball and it relaxes and tightens to change the focal length of the eye lens to get the clear image on the retina.
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Question 182 Marks
Define the term power of accommodation. Write the modification in the curvature of the eye lens which enables us to see the nearby objects clearly?
Answer
The ability of the eye lens to adjust its focal length is called the power of accommodation. There should be a contract in ciliary muscles, that will increase the curvature of the eye lens and becomes thicker consequently the focal length of the eye lens will decrease. It will enable us to see near objects clearly.
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Question 192 Marks
Your friend can read a book perfectly well but cannot read the writing on blackboard unless she sits on the front row in class.
  1. Is she short-sighted or long-sighted?
  2. What type of lenses-converging or diverging-would an optician prescribe for her?
Answer
  1. Short-sighted.
  2. Diverging lenses.
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Question 202 Marks
Write the function of the retina in the human eye.
Answer
The innermost coating of the eye, covering the rear of inner surface is the retina. It is the screen on which the image is formed by the eye lens. Retina contains a large number of nerve fibres and blood vessels and act as a light sensitive screen to receive the images. The light sensitive cells get activated upon illumination and generate electrical signals. The sensation of vision in the retina is carried to the brain by optic nerve fibres, which are more than one million.
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Question 212 Marks
Write the function of each of the following parts of human eye.
  1. Cornea.
  2. Iris.
  3. Crystalline lens.
  4. Ciliary muscles.
Answer
  1. Cornea: focuses light rays and permits the light to enter the eye.

  2. Iris: Controls amount of light entering the eye and controls the size of pupil.

  3. Crystalline Lens: Converges light rays onto retina.

  4. Cilliary Muscles: Adjusts focal length of eye lens by contraction and relaxation so that sharp image can be obtained on the retina. It helps in accommodation.

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Question 222 Marks
Why is a normal eye not able to see clearly the objects placed closer than 25cm?
Answer
The normal eye is not able to see clearly the objects placed closer than 25cm because all the power of accomodation of the eye is exhausted at a distance of 25cm. The maximum accomodation of the eye is reached when the object is placed at 25cm fro the eye. After this the ciliary muscles cannot make the eye-lens more thick.
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Question 232 Marks
Why do we see a rainbow in the sky only after rainfall?
Answer
Formation of rainbow is only possible when dispersion of light takes place through a suitable surface. After rainfall, some raindrops remain in the clouds. Moreover, the opposite side of sky works like a screen on which rainbow is formed. Hence, rainbow is seen in the sky only after rainfall.
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Question 242 Marks
Why do we observe random wavering or flicking of the objects near a fire or on a very hot day?
Answer
We observe random wavering or flickering of the objects near a fire on a very hot day due to atmospheric refraction. Refractive index of the hot air is slightly less than that of the cold air.
Since, the density does not remain the same, the Apparent position of the object as seen through hot air, fluctuates. 
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Question 252 Marks
Why do stars seem higher than they actually are? Illustrate your answer with the help of a diagram.
Answer
Stars seem higher than they actually are because of atmospheric refraction of light coming from the star while passing through the successive denser layers of earth’s atmosphere.
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Question 262 Marks
Why does the sun appear reddish early in the morning? Will this phenomenon be observed by an observer on the moon? Justify your answer with a reason.

OR

Why does sun appear reddish at sunrise? Give reason.

Answer
Early in the morning, the sun is near the horizon, sunlight reaches us after traveling a longer distance through thick layers of the atmosphere. Thus, most of the blue light and shorter

wavelength are scattered away by the particles in the atmosphere. The light that reaches us is of longer wavelengths giving a reddish appearance. This phenomenon will not be observed

by an astronaut on the moon, because of the absence of atmosphere on the moon.

Alternate Answer

Sun appears red at sunrise as the rays have to travel a larger part of the atmosphere because they are very close to the horizon. Therefore, light other than red is mostly scattered away.

Most of the red light, which is the least scattered, enters our eyes. Hence, the sun during sunrise appear red.

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Question 272 Marks
Why does the sun appear reddish early in the morning? Will this phenomenon be observed by an astronaut on the Moon? Give reason to justify your answer.
Answer
Early in the morning, the sun is near the horizon, sunlight reaches us after traveling a longer distance through thick layers of the atmosphere. Thus, most of the blue light and shorter
wavelength are scattered away by the particles in the atmosphere. The light that reaches us is of longer wavelengths giving a reddish appearance. This phenomenon will not be observed
by an astronaut on the moon, because of the absence of atmosphere on the moon.
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Question 282 Marks
Why does the Sun appear reddish early in the morning?
Answer
During sunrise, the light rays coming from the Sun have to travel a greater distance in the earth's atmosphere before reaching our eyes. In this journey, the shorter wavelengths of lights are scattered out and only longer wavelengths are able to reach our eyes. Since blue colour has a shorter wavelength and red colour has a longer wavelength, the red colour is able to reach our eyes after the atmospheric scattering of light. Therefore, the Sun appears reddish early the morning.
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Question 292 Marks
Why does the sun appear red at sunset?
Answer
The sun and the surrounding sky appear red at sunset because at that time most of the blue color present in sunlight has been scattered out and away from our line of sight, leaving behind mainly red color in the direct sunlight beam that reaches our eyes.
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Question 302 Marks
Why does the sun appear red at sunrise?
Answer
The sun and the surrounding sky appear red at sunrise because at that time most of the blue color present in sunlight has been scattered out and away from our line of sight, leaving behind mainly red color in the direct sunlight beam that reaches our eyes.
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Question 312 Marks
Why does the sky appear dark (or black) to an astronaut instead of blue?
Answer
To an astronaut, the sky looks dark and black instead of blue because there is no atmosphere containing air in the outer space to scatter sunlight. So, there is no scattered light to reach our eyes in outer space, therefore the sky looks dark and black there.
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Question 322 Marks
Why does the sky appear blue on a clear day?
Answer
The sky appears blue on a clear day because of the scattering of blue component of white sunlight by air molecules presents in the atmosphere. When sunlight passes through the atmosphere, most of the longer wavelength lights do not get scattered much and hence pass straight through the atmosphere. The shorter wavelength blue light is, however, scattered all around the sky and whichever direction we look, some of this scattered blue light enters our eyes.
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Question 332 Marks
Why does the eye-lens not have to do all the work of converging incoming light rays?
Answer
The eye lens does not have to do all the work of converging incoming light rays because the cornea, which is in the front of the eye, also converges the rays of light entering the eye.
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Question 342 Marks
Why does it take some time to see objects in a dim room when you enter the room from bright
sunshine outside?
Answer
It takes some time to see objects in a dim room when we enter the room from bright sunshine outside because it takes some time to the small pupil of our eye to become large so that more light enters our eye and we can see clearly.
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Question 352 Marks
Why are the ‘danger signal’ lights red in colour?
Answer
Danger’ signls are red in colour because the red coloured light having longer wavelength is the least scattered by fog or smoke particles. Due to this the red light can be seen in the same colour even from a distance.
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Question 362 Marks
Which is refracted most by a prism: red light or violet light? Explain why?
Answer
Violet light is refracted the most because violet colour has the minimum speed in glass prism.
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Question 372 Marks
Which colour of light has.
  1. Minimum speed in glass?
  2. Minimum frequency?
Answer
  1. Violet light has the shortest wavelength and is bent the most. Thus violet light travels more slowly through glass than does any other color and red light travels fastest.
  2. Red light has maximum wavelength and violet has minimum wavelength. As the frequency and wavelength of a wave are inversely proportional to each other so, red light has minimum frequency and violet light has maximum frequency.
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Question 382 Marks
Where are light-sensitive cells present in abundance and give their function?
Answer
Light-sensitive cells are present in the retina in abundance to be more specific the fovea centralis is the place of highest concentration.
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Question 392 Marks
When we look nearby objects, what happens to the focal length of our eye?
Answer
In order to see nearby objects the ciliary muscles contract and lens become thick and focal length is decreased which helps to see nearby objects.
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Question 402 Marks
When a light ray passes obliquely through the atmosphere in an upward direction how does its path generally change?
Answer
When light travels from one medium to another it changes its direction because of refraction. The direction only changes if the speed of light changes too. Thus when light travels from a dense to a rare medium, it's path will deviate from the normal path.
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Question 412 Marks
When a beam of white light is passed through a prism, it splits to form lights of seven colours. Is it possible to recombine the lights of seven colours to obtain the white light again? Explain your answer.
Answer
Yes, it is possible to recombine the lights of seven colours to obtain the white light again by placing another similar prism alongside the first one in the inverted position as shown below. The first prism disperses the white light into seven coloured rays. the second prism receives all the seven coloured rays from the first prism and recombines them into original white light. This is because the refration produced by the second prism is equal and opposite to that produced by the first prism.
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Question 422 Marks
What will happen if another similar glass prism is placed upside down behind the first prism?
Answer
If another similar glass prism is placed upside down behind the first prism, then the seven coloured rays from the first prism which are incident on the second prism recombine to form the original white beam.
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Question 432 Marks
What shape are your eye-lenses:
  1. When you look at your hand?
  2. When you look at a distant tree?
Answer
  1. When we look at our hand, the eye lens is thick. When we look at a nearby object, the eye lens becomes thick or more convex to converge the rays of light from the nearby object (our hand) to form an image on the retina.
  2. When we look at a distant tree, the eye lens is thin. When we look at a far-off object, the eye is in a relaxed state. The eye lens becomes thin or less convex because a small converging power of the eye lens is sufficient to focus the parallel light rays from the distant object (the tree) to form an image on the retina.
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Question 442 Marks
What is tyndall effect? Explain with an example?
Answer
The scattering of light by particles in its path is called Tyndall effect.Ex. When a beam of sunlight enters a dusty room through a window, then its path becomes visible to us due to the scattering of the light by the dust particles present in the air.
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Question 452 Marks
What is spectrum? What is the name of glass shape used to produce a spectrum?
Answer
The band of seven colours formed on a white screen, when a beam of white light is passed through a glass prism is called spectrum of white light. A glass prism is used to produce a spectrum.
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Question 462 Marks
What is atmospheric refraction?What causes atmospheric refraction?
Answer
The refraction of light caused by the earth’s atmosphere is called atmospheric refraction. It is caused due to the varying optical densities of different layers of earth’s atmosphere.
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Question 472 Marks
What happens when a beam of sunlight enters a dusty room through a window? Explain your answer.
Answer
When a beam of sunlight enters a dusty room through a window, then its path become visible to us. The tiny dust particles present in the air of room scatter the beam of light all around the room.
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Question 482 Marks
What happens to the eye when you enter a darkened cinema hall from bright sunshine? Give reason for your answer.
Answer
When we enter a darkened cinema hall from bright sunshine, at first we cannot see anything clearly. After a short time our vision improves. This is because in bright sunshine the pupil of our eye is small and when we just enter the darkened room very little light enters our eye due.to which we cannot see properly After a while, when the pupil of our eye expands, more light enters our eye and we can see clearly.
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Question 492 Marks
What changes take place in the shape of eye-lens:
  1. When the eye is focused on a near object?
  2. When the eye is focused on a distant object?
Answer
  1. Eye-lens becomes thicker.
  2. Eye-lens become thinner.
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Question 502 Marks
What are the two most common defects of vision (or defects of eye)? How are they corrected?
Answer
The two most common defects of vision are myopia and hypermetropia. Myopia can be corrected by using a concave lens and hypermetropia can be corrected by using a convex lens.
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Answer the questions.[Phy-2M] - Science STD 10 Questions - Vidyadip