i. a. Planaria: Fragmentation- occurs when an organism literally breaks off from itself. The broken fragments of the organism grow into individual separate organisms.
b. Hydra-budding: In hydra, a bud develops as an outgrowth due to repeated cell division at one specific site. These buds develop into tiny individuals and, when fully mature, detach from the parent body and become new independent individuals.
c. Rhizopus: spore formation occurs when a plant produces tiny spores and propagates through them. It burst open under favourable conditions giving rise to the new individual.
ii. Occurs asexually through vegetative propagation by leaves. These buds arise at the margins of leaves giving rise to adventitious roots, shoots and small leaves. The new plants then detach from the leaves and develop into a mature plant after coming in contact with the soil.
iii. a. offspring are clones of their parent plants.
b. The plants that cannot produce viable seeds such as banana, seedless grapes and oranges, etc, can be easily grown by vegetative propagation.
c. It is an easier, less expensive and a rapid method of propagation.
