Political Science 5 Marks Question

Suggestions to popularise the Indian culture:

1. Encourage Indian tourism by providing better facilities.
2. Indian cultural festivals should be celebrated in different parts of the world.
3. Movies based on the Indian culture should be produced, promoted and popularised.
4. Literature of Indian culture should be distributed at different tourist centres.
5. Indian Hotels and Restaurants in different countries should be encouraged to promote Indian food, music, paintings etc.
6. Indian players, artists and leaders should play a role of Brand Ambassador to make Indian culture popular at global level.
7. Cultural e×change programmes should be encouraged at international level.

Cultural consequences of globalisation:

1. External influences simply enlarge our choices and sometimes they modify our culture without overwhelming the traditional. For example, the burger is no substitute for a masala dosa and, therefore, does not pose any real challenge.
2. Globalisation broadens our cultural outlook and promotes cultural homogenization.
3. The culture of a developed society leaves its imprint on a less powerful society and the world begins to look more like what a dominant power wishes it to be.
4. It leads to each culture becoming more different and distinctive. This phenomenon is called cultural heterogenization.
5. This is dangerous not only for the poor countries but for the whole of humanity, for it leads to the shrinking of the rich cultural heritage of the entire globe.

The factors responsible for globalization

1. Technology is the significant element of globalization. All round revolution and communication technology has drastically changed the whole scenario.
2. The technological advances and innovations have facilitated the ability of ideas, capital, commodities and people move easily from one corner of the world to another.
3. The process of globalization does not take place only because of the access to improved communications. The main element is to recognize the interconnections with the rest of the world. Globalisation cannot be confined to national boundaries.

Globalisation generally refers to a process by which the planet earth is considered to be one single unit or a global village where social and economic interactions among the people are based on independence.Merits of Globalisation:

1. Indian economy will become competitive.
2. Inflow of foreign capital and technique.
3. Beneficial to consumers.
4. Increase in employment opportunities etc.

Demerits:

1. Imperialistic in nature.
2. Unemployment increases.
3. Destruction of small-scale and cottage industries.
4. Promoting consumerism and western values.
5. Rapid commercialization of education and over emphasis on market-oriented courses.
6. The undermining of social sciences and humanities is already having a detrimental effect on society.

1. Essential functions of the state:-

• Law and order.
• National security.

2.  

• With the help of enhanced technologies, State can collect information about its citizens.
• With this information, the state is better able to rule.
• Thus, the states become more powerful than they were earlier.

3. Flow of capital from rich countries enables the developing countries to invest in most wanted fields to make their country self-dependent.

The effects of globalisation:

1. Globalisation has led to similar economic policies adopted by governments in different parts of the world that has generated vastly different outcomes in different parts of the world.
2. It has involved greater trade in commodities across the globe; the restrictions imposed by different countries on allowing the imports of other countries have been reduced. Similarly, the restrictions on movement of capital across countries have also been reduced.
3. Globalisation has led to the flow of ideas across national boundaries; spread of internet and computer related services is an example of that.
4. Economic globalisation has created an intense division of opinion all over the world.Those who are concerned about social justice are worried about the extent of state withdrawal caused by processes of economic globalisation.
5. Globalisation generates greater economic growth and well being for larger sections of the population when there is de–regulation.Greater trade among countries allows each economy to do what it does best.

Negative consequences of globalization on India:-

1. Expensive seeds purchased from MNCs compelled farmers committing suicides due to crop failure.
2. Slowly and gradually MNCs started buying Indian companies, resulted in instability in market.
3. While some advances were made in certain arenas, critical sectors such as health, housing and primary education did not receive the attention they deserved.
4. India had a fairly sluggish rate of economic growth. In 1991, responding to a financial crisis and to the desire for higher rates of economic growth which yet to be achieved.
5. De-regulated various sectors including trade and foreign investment.

1. Essential functions of the state:

1. Law and order.
2. National security.

2.  

1. With the help of enhanced technologies, State can collect information about its citizens.
2. With this information, the state is better able to rule.
3. Thus, the states become more powerful than they were earlier.

3. Flow of capital from rich countries enables the developing countries to invest in most wanted fields to make their country self-dependent.

Cultural effects of globalization may be positive as well as negative:

1. External influences simply enlarge our choices and sometimes they modify our culture without overwhelming the traditional. For example, the burger is no substitute for a masla dosa and, therefore, does not pose any real challenge. In the same way blue jeans can go well with a homespun Khadi Kurta.
2. Globalisation broadened our cultural outlook and promotes cultural homogenisation.
3. The culture of a developed society leaves its imprint on a less powerful society and the world begins to look more like a dominant power it wishes to be.
4. This is dangerous not only for the poor countries but for the whole of humanity, for it leads to the shrinking of the rich cultural heritage of the entire globe.

1. Some countries have been unable to take advantage of Globalisation and their standards of living and dropping further behind the riches countries.
2. Increased trade and travel have facilitated the spread of human, animal and plant diseases like HIV/AIDS, SARCs and bird flu, across borders.
3. The Increasing interdependence of countries in a globalised world makes them more vulnerable to economic problems.
4. The Government has been harmed as agriculture, forests, mining etc. Industries exploit inadequate environmental codes and corrupt behaviour in developing countries. Agricultural seed companies are destroying the biodiversity of the planet and depriving subsistence farmers of their livelihood.

The impact of globalisation in India is for reaching like:

1. Globalisation in India has led to the setting up of production units by many foreign companies in the areas of automobiles, information technology, electronics and food processing industries.
2. There is enormous growth in the telecommunication sector. Due to globalisation the sure of computers and other modern technologies have increased tremendously.

Simultaneously India started a gradual response to globalisation in the 1980s. It was in the 1990s that India undertook serious reforms to integrate itself with the international community. It was only in 1991 that the Narasimha Rao government took the hole step in liberalisation of Indian Economy and promoting foreign direct investment.

In the stepping year India embarked on on a programme of economics reforms that has sought increasingly do de-regulate various sectors including trade and foreign investment.

1. Trade policy reforms: This reform sought to dismantle the earlier licensing system. It proposed heavy scaling down or removal of tariffs and reforms on quantitative restriction on imports.
2. Industrial Policy reform: It sought abolition of industrial licensing expect for a few specified industries.
3. Financial reform: Private sector banks including foreign joint, venture banks came to be permitted to undertake and expand their operations. A policy regime for private non-banking finance companies came to be established. Now India’s economy is open to all the nations in order to promote the principles of Globalisation.

Globalisation means the exchange of ideas, capital commodities and people across different parts of the world.
Cultural consequences of Globalisation:

1. Cultural globalisation affects our food, clothes and thinking. But some times external influence simply enlarge our choices and sometimes they modify our culture without overwhelming the traditional norms. For example the burger is no substitute for a masala dosa and therefore does into pose any real challenge.
2. In the same way blue jeans can go well with a homespun khadi kurta. Here the outcome of outside influences is a new combination, that is unique. This clashing combination has been exported back to the country.
3. The culture of the politically and economically dominant society leaves it imprint on a less powerful society, and the world begins to look more like a dominant power wishes is to be.
4. This is a dangerous not only for the poor countries but for the whole of humanity for it leads to the shrinking of the rich cultural heritage of the entire globe.

Globalisation is a concept that deals with the flow of various kinds of ideas capital, commodities and people from one country to another in search of better livelihood. It-need-not always have positive consequences, it may even have negative stance as well.
Two forms of Resistance:

1. Economic globalisation make the rich richer and the poor poorer and hence weaken the economically weak countries.
2. The state is weakened which leads to reduction in the capacity of the state to protect the interest of the poor.
3. Cultural critics are worried that the traditional culture will be harmed and people will lose their age old values.

• Globalisation results in an erosion of state capacity, that is, the ability of the government to do what they want to do. All over the world, the concept of welfare state is now giving way to a more minimal state.
• Now, it is the market that becomes the prime determinant of economic and social priorities.
• The increased role of multinational companies all over the world leads to a reduction in the capacity of the government to take decision on their own.
• As an outcome of new technology, states have become more powerful than they were earlier. But the emphasis now lies on the global consumers than on the nation-states.

Globalisation is world wide interconnectedness through flow of ideas, people moving in search of better livelihood, commodities and technology.
Internationalism promotes peace, helps in solving problems where nations must work together, like disease, global warming etc.
Globalisation plays an important role in the promotion of internationalism.

Globalisation is a concept that deals with the flow of various kinds of ideas, capital, commodities and people moving from one country to another.
It is a multi-dimensional concept. It has political, economic and cultural manifestations. It’s impact is also uneven– while it affects some societies more than others.

Criticism of Globalisation:

1. Globalisation makes the rich, richer and the poor poorer.
2. Weakening of the state leads to the reduction in the capacity of the state to protect the interest of its poor.
3. Economically, it becomes difficult for the states to become self-reliant.
4. Many countries feel that their traditional culture is getting adversely affected.

Globalisation has divided the public opinion about different social, economic and political aspects – such as:

• Some people feel globalisation as an attack on their culture whereas some other take it as development of a homogeneous culture.
• Some take it as an attack on the sovereignty but others take it as opening of the political activities.
• Some take it as creator of the new job whereas some other feel as loss of traditional jobs due to technological advancement.
• Safety nets under globalisation are insufficient. The impact of globalisation is uneven different societies and countries.on

Without technology– improved means of communication and transport– globalisation would have not been possible:

1. Inventions like telephone, internet and smart phone have reduced the physical distances and brought us closer.
2. The flow of ideas, people, capital and commodities have also helped the process of globalisation.
3. Means of transport such as aeroplanes, fast moving trains and bullet trains have also reduced the physical gap between people.
4. So technology is the important and critical element of globalisation.

1.  

1. Communist Party of India.
2. Communist Party of India. (Marxists)

2. The protests were organized to check the entry of MNCs because they represent global capitalism that makes the rich richer and the poor poorer. Globalisation is against self reliance and protectionism.
3. Neem tree is originally an Indian plant. It’s reference is found in our ancient literature. It is one of the most useful Indian medicinal plant. Therefore, its patenting is an encroachment on the rights of Indians.

Factors responsible for boasting State Capacity:

1. Enhanced capacity of state to collect information about its citizens due to technology.
2. The capacity of the state to rule has improved better.
3. Technology has enabled the states to perform better.
4. Availability of information, investment, assistance an cooperation enhances the capacity of state.

1. 'Erosion of State Capacity' means a reduction in the capability or power of the government to fulfil or take up responsibilities, nowadays the governments of various countries are obliged to obey the international norms for preservation and conservation of the environment.
2. Due to privatisation, most of the economic activities are in the private sector. States do have a role to facilitate the economic development by maintaining law and order and providing security to the citizens. As such welfare activities are getting reduced.
3. Multi-National Companies have come into the field of economic growth. They are in search of markets to sell their products. Now markets have become the determinants of social priorities.

Globalisation is a very contentions subject critics of globalization have many reason to resist it.
Reasons:

1. Leftist argue that contemporary globaliSation represents a particular phase of global capitalism that expand the breach between the rich and the poor.
2. The state is becoming weak and the capacity of the state for welfare of people is getting reduced.
3. Economically, critics want a return to self reliance and protectionism, especially in export- import and investment.
4. Culturally, critics are worried that traditional culture i.e. music, dress and language etc. will be harmed and people will lose their age- old values and ways.

The Welfare State is now giving way to a more minionalist state that performs certain core functions only.
Many of the earlier welfare functions are being withdrawn.
In place of the welfare state, it is the market that determines the economic and social priorities.

Positive impacts of Globalisation on the present day world.

1. It has increased the opportunities for employment to a large number of people in the world.
2. It provides an opportunity for flow of ideas moving from one part of the world to another.
3. Capital can soon be transferred to any part of the world to the people in need.
4. Commodities can reach from any part of the world to the other or to countries in need- eg: during famines, floods, tsunami etc.

1. Positive Economic Consequences:

1. It involves greater economic flows among various countries.
2. It has enhanced trade in commodities among countries,
3. The restrictions on the imports and movement of capital have also been reduced.

2. Negative Economic Consequences:

1. It has created diverse opinion all over the world so as to benefit only a small section of society.
2. It does not have equality at par the movement of people across the globe i.e. Developed countries have carefully guarded their borders with visa policies to ensure job security to their own citizens.

Negative Consequences of Globalisation:

1. Leads to loss for the farmers if the expensive seeds from MNC’s fail their crops.
2. Fear of loss of livelihood for the small retailers.
3. Tough competition for Indian MNC’s from foreign MNC’s.
4. Fear of erosion of Indian Culture by foreign influence.

• Globalisation is a multidimensional concept which involves flow of ideas, capital, commodities and people from one part of the world to another.
• Globalisation has been caused not by any single factor Invention of telegraph, telephone, microchip and faster modes of transport have accelerated it. Both communication and transport have facilitated the process of globalisation. The whole world has become like a village in which everybody knows about the happenings in the world and is also affected by the same. Communication has made it possible to receive and send information from one point to any other point of the world and vice-versa. Same is true for transport.

Critics of Globalisation from political right express anxiety over political, economic and cultural effects. In political terms, they fear the weakening, of the state. Economically, they want a return to self-reliance and protectionism, at least in certain areas of economy. Culturally they are worried that traditional culture will be harmed and people will lose their age old values and ways.

‘Common but differentiated responsibility’ signifies that states have common but differentiated responsibilities over various issues on global environmental degradation.
For instance, the developed countries of the North want to discuss the environmental issues and want every one to be equally responsible for ecological conservation.
The developing countries of the South on the other hand feel that much of the ecological degradation is due to the industrial development undertaken by the developed countries.

Consequences of Globalisation:-

1. The old welfare state is now giving way to a more minimalist state to perform functions as the maintenance of law and order as well as security of its citizens. It withdraws many of its earlier welfare functions.
2. The entry and the increased role of multinational companies all over the world has led to a reduction in the capacity of government to take decision on their own.
3. Increase in economic globalisation: Globalisations has involved greater trade in commodities across the globe.
4. Cultural effect of globalisation leads to the rise of a uniform culture i.e. homogenization. (imposition of western culture on the rest of the world)

1. Globalisation is a worldwide interconnectedness through flow of ideas, capital, commodities and people.
2. Causes:

• Revolution in communication technology.
• Movement of capital and commodities.
• Impact of events taking place in one country on other parts of world.

The exchange of ideas, capital, commodities and people across different parts of the world stands for globalisation.
Cultural consequences of globalisation:

1. It affects our food, clothes and thinking.
2. Rise uniform culture.
3. Culture of politically and economically dominant society affects the less powerful societies.
4. Exchanges our choices and modifies our culture.
5. It poses a threat to cultures of the world.
6. Some external influence reduces our choices.

Globalisation is a concept that deals with the flow of various kinds of ideas capital, commodities and people from one country to another in search of better livelihood. It-need-not always have positive consequences, it may even have negative stance as well.
Two forms of Resistance:

1. Economic globalisation make the rich richer and the poor poorer and hence weaken the economically weak countries.
2. The state is weakened which leads to reduction in the capacity of the state to protect the interest of the poor.
3. Cultural critics are worried that the traditional culture will be harmed and people will lose their age old values.

Demerits of Globalisation:

1. Political Consequences:

It has affected the traditional conceptions of state sovereignty. The old “Welfare State” is now giving way to minimalist state. The increased role of MNCs leads to reduction in the capacity of governments to take their decisions on their own.

2. Economic Consequences:

• It benefits only a small section of the society.
• It has led to forced globalisation leading to economic ruin for the weaker countries.
• Many call it re-colonisation of the world.

3. Cultural Consequences:

• It leads to the rise of a uniform culture called homogenisation.
• Imposition of Western culture on the rest of the world.
• It leads to shrinking of the rich cultural heritage of the entire globe.

Advocates of economic globalisation argue:

1. Globalisation involves greater economic flows among different countries of the world.
2. This flow or exchange can take various forms: flow of commodities, Capital, people and ideas.
3. It generates greater economic growth and well-being.
4. Greater trade allows each economy to do what it does best.
5. They also say that economic globalisation is inevitable and it is not wise to reset the march of history.
6. Society benefits when there is De-regulations.

The rise of a uniform culture is not the emergence of global culture. No doubt it leads to each culture becoming more different and distinctive but it leads to the emergence of a world culture which actually is the imposition of Western culture on the rest of the world. For example, the blue jeans or the American way of life have become popular because the culture of the politically and economically dominant society leaves its imprint on a less powerful society. It may lead to the shrinking of the rich cultural heritage of the entire globe.The cultures are not static things. All cultures accept outside influence all the time. For example, the burger is no substitute for masala dosa and therefore it does not pose any real challenge. It has simply been added to our food choices. While cultural homogenisation is an aspect of globalisation, the same process also generates precisely the opposite effect.

Impact of Globalisation on India:

1. More new jobs have been created in the MNCs like cell phones, fast food etc.
2. India is playing a crucial role among developing countries in trade and commerce by making some companies multinational themselves i.e. Tata Motors, Ranbaxy etc.
3. Foreign Direct investments have also been increased.
4. It has invited inflow of private foreign capital and export oriented activities.

India in turn impacting:

1. Through responding to 1991 financial crisis, Indian economy was liberalised to attract foreign direct investment.
2. India introduced new trade policy reforms to remove tariffs and restrictions imposed on imports.
3. Under industries, it abolished Licensing system exempting few specified industries only.
4. Banking operations by private Sectors were permitted to expand in the country.
5. To promote globalisation, India has adopted an open economy.

​​​​​​​While it may be too early to say how good this has been for India, the ultimate test is not high growth rates as making sure that the benefits of growth are shared so that everyone is better off.

1. Economic Implications of Globalisation (Positive):

1. It involves greater economic flows among various countries.
2. It has enhanced trade in commodities among countries.
3. The restrictions on the imports and movement of capital have also been reduced.
4. This has spread internet and computer related services across national boundaries.

2. ​​​​​​​Negative Economic Implications:

1. ​​​​​​​Economic globalisation has created diverse opinion all over the world as to benefit only a small section of society.
2. It does not have equality at par the movement of people across the globe i.e. developed countries have carefully guarded their borders with visa policies to ensure job security to their own citizens.
3. It has created disparities among states also by making the rich more richer and the poor more poorer.

3. ​​​​​​​Impact of Globalisation on India:

1. ​​​​​​​More new jobs have been created in the MNCs like cell phones, fast food etc.
2. India is playing a crucial role among developing countries in trade and commerce by making some companies multinational themselves i. e. Tata Motors, Ranbaxy etc.
3. Foreign Direct Investment have also been increased.
4. It has invited inflow of private foreign capital and export oriented activities.

One of the debates that has been generated as a consequence of contemporary processes of globalisation relates to its ongoing political impact.

1. At the most simple level, globalisation results in an erosion of state capacity, that is, the ability of government to do what they do. All over the world, the old ‘welfare state’ is now giving way to a more minimalist state that performs certain core functions such as the maintenance of law and order and the security of its citizens.
2. In place of the welfare state, it is the market that becomes the prime determinant of economic and social priorities. The entry and the increased role of multinational companies all over the world leads to a reduction in the capacity of governments to take decisions on their own.
3. At the same time, globalisation does not always reduce state capacity. The primacy of the state continues to be the unchallenged basis of political community. The old jealousies and rivalries between countries have not ceased to matter in world politics.
4. The state continues to discharge its essential functions (law and order, national security) and consciously withdraws from certain domains from which it wishes to. States continue to be important.
5. In some respects state capacity has received a boost as a consequence of globalisation, with enhanced technologies available at the disposal of the state to collect information about its citizens. With this information, the state is better able to rule, not less able.

Thus, states become more powerful than they were earlier as an outcome of the new technology.