Political Science 2 Marks Question

	Founder	Country they belong
i.	Josip Broz Tito	Yugoslovia
ii.	Jawahar Lal Nehru	India
iii.	Gamal Abdel Nasser	Egypt
iv.	Sukarno	Indonesia
v.	Kwame Nkrumah	Ghana

The Cold War was the continuing state from roughly 1946 to 1991 of political conflict, systems in the Bloc that were supposed to crush anti-communist resistance for a merger of western German areas into a federal governmental system.

1. Limited Test Ban Treaty.
2. Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.
3. Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty.

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

Both the Super Powers knew very well the intensity of destruction that would take place. It was not acceptable to either of them. No political gain could justify the destruction of their societies. That is why they did not go for a full-fledged nuclear war.

The founding fathers of the Non-aligned movement were: Sukarno of Indonesia, Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia, Gamal Abdul Nasser of Egypt and Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana. Their actions were known as ‘The Initiative of Five’.

• The soviet economy was then more developed than the fast of the world except for the U.S.
• It had a complex communications network vast energy resources including oil, iron and steel, machinery production and a transport sector that connected its remotest areas with efficiency.
• It had a domestic consumer industry that produced everything from pins to cars, through their quality did not match that of the western capitalist countries.
• The Soviet state ensured a minimum standard of living for all citizens and the govt. subsidised basic necessatics including health education, children and other Welfare schemes.
• There was no unemployment, state ownership was the dominant form of ownership. Land & productive assets were owned K controlled by the Soviet union or State.

• Socialism.
• Communism.
• Abolition of private property.
• Primacy of state.
• Planned state owned economy.

• First World War 1914-1918.
• Second World War 1939-1945.

India wanted to keep away from the military alliances (power blocks) led by the United States and the U.S.S.R. Hence, India decided to remain nonaligned. It also wanted to raise its voice, against the newly decolonised countries becoming part of these alliances.

To gain access to:

1. Vital resources such as oil and minerals.
2. The territory from where the super powers could launch their weapons and troops.
3. Locations where they could spy on each other.
4. Pay for military expenses.

Neutral states follow a policy of staying out of war. They are not required to end war. They do not get involved in wars and do not take any position on the appropriateness or morality of war.

1. Capitalism.
2. Communism/socialism.

The strength of the Non-aligned countries as mediators between the superpowers was based on their unity and their resolve to remain Non-aligned despite the attempts by the two superpowers to bring them into their alliances.

1. Emergence of US and USSR as two super power rivals.
2. Inspite of provocation and rivalary, neither side wanted to risk war as no political gain would justify destruction of their societies. Hence, the result was the emergence of cold war.

The leaders of the USSR were apprehensive that the USA would attack Communist-ruled Cuba and overthrow Fidel Castro. Hence, the Soviet Union placed nuclear missiles in Cuba to face any eventuality caused by a possible attack by the USA. This led to a situation which is known as the Cuba Missile Crisis.

In 1962; the USSR placed nuclear missiles in Cuba. The installation of these weapons put the US for the first time, under fire from close range. The US president John F Kennedy and his advisers were reductant to do anything that might lead to full-scale nuclear war between. the two countries. But they were determined to get the USSR to remove the missiles and nuclear weapons from Cuba. Kennedy ordered American warships to intercept any Soviet ships heading to Cuba as a way of warning the USSR of his seriousness. A clash seemed imminent what came to be known as the Cuban Missile Crisis.

The leaders of the USSR were apprehensive that the USA would attack Communist-ruled Cuba and overthrow Fidel Castro. Hence, the Soviet Union placed nuclear missiles in Cuba to face any eventuality caused by a possible attack by the USA. This led to a situation which is known as the Cuba Missile Crisis.

• Denmark.
• Iceland.
• Netherlands.
• Slovenia.

1. There were two rival blocs led by two superpowers.
2. Superpowers understood the risk of fighting wars i.e. massive destruction, etc.

The leaders of the USSR were apprehensive that the USA would attack Communist-ruled Cuba and overthrow Fidel Castro. Hence, the Soviet Union placed nuclear missiles in Cuba to face any eventuality caused by a possible attack by the USA. This led to a situation which is known as the Cuba Missile Crisis.

Non-alignment has its political, economic and social roots in the anti-colonial struggles of the era of post-World War II. It is a movement aimed at bringing in a new international order which is just.
In this new order, the States should not be discriminated against because of their history, their social origin and size. The new nations joined this movement with different backgrounds, traditions and perceptions of themselves and their interests.
Each had a strong sense of national identity along with a common passion for an international order based on equality. It means to be friendly with all but only on a footing of equality and reciprocity and not be hooked to military alliance.
Non-alignment means efforts to retain independence of through, judgement and action under conditions of cold-war which genera-military alliance and agreements of all sorts.
Its purpose is to enlarge the areas of peace and co-operation. So, the essence of non-alignment lies in the freedom and independence of a country to judge each issue as it the interest of peace in the world but not on the basis of a predetermined attitude because of alignment with one great power or another.

The cold war was not simply the matter of power, rivalries of Military alliances and balance of power but it also included real ideological conflict between USA (Capitalist Country–believing) in liberal democracy and capitalism and USSR. (believing in State Controlled economy and Socialism)

India‘s policy of non-alignment:-

1. Not to join either of the two camps - the US and the USSR.
2. Taking independent stand on various international issues.

• The two superpowers responsible for cold war were - The US and The USSR.
• World became unipolar in 1991.

• Primacy given to the Communist Party and no other party allowed to exit.
• Economy planned and controlled by the state.

• To preserve hard earned sovereignty.
• To protect India's territorial integrity.
• To promote rapid economic development.
• To promote world peace.
• To remain away from military blocs.

Cold War is a situation where threat of war exists without resorting to actual war. It was the outcome of the emergence of. U.S. and USSR as rival Super Powers.

Eastern: Warsaw Pact.
Western: NATO, CENTO, SEATO.

Two reasons for the disintergration of the USSR were:

1. Internal weaknesses of the Soviet political and economic Institutions.
2. Economic stagnation leading to consumer shortages.
3. Rampant corruption and inability of the system to correct mistakes.
4. Communist party has become very authoritarian and bureaucratic.
5. Rise of nationalism and desire for sovereignty within various republics including Russia and the Baltic republics Gorbachev's role in producing reforms.

1. Correct.
2. Correct.
3. Correct.
4. Wrong.