Psychology 3 Marks Question

A number of psychological techniques of self-control have also been suggested.

• Observation of own behaviour is one of them. This provides us with necessary information that may be used to change, modify, or strengthen certain aspects of self.
• Self-instruction is another important technique. We often instruct ourselves to do something and behave the way we want to. Such instructions are quite effective in self-regulation.
• Self-reinforcement is the third technique. This involves rewarding behaviours that have pleasant outcomes.

For example, you may go to see a movie with friends, if you have done well in an examination. These techniques have been tried out and found quite effective with respect to self-regulation and self-control.

Personal identity: Refers to those attributes of a person that make her/ Him different from others.
E.g. when a person describes himself by telling his name or his characteristics.
Social Identity: Refers to those aspects of a person that link her/ him to a social or cultural group or are derived from it.
E.g. He is a Hindu or a Muslim. Descriptions characterise the way people mentally represent themselves as persons.

Freidman & Rosenman: classified individuals on the basis of psycho-social risk factors.

1. Type A personality individuals seem to possess high motivation, lack patience, feel short of time, be in a great hurry and feel like being always burdened with work. Such people find it difficult to slow down and relax.
2. People are more susceptible to problems like hypertension and coronary heart diseases.
3. The risk of developing CHD with Type A personality is sometimes even greater than the risk caused by high blood pressure, smoking or high cholesterol levels.

Interactional approach:

• Situational characteristics play an important role.
• People may behave as dependent or independent not because of their internal personality traits but because of external rewards or threats.
• The cross – Situational consistency of traits is found to be quite low. e.g. – people’s behaviour in a market, courtroom, or a place of worship.

Psychological technique of self control–

• Observation of own behaviour.
• Self instruction.
• Self reinforcement.

Characteristics of individuals with Type A personality by Friedman and Roseman:

1. High motivation.
2. Lack of patience.
3. Feel short of time.
4. Be in a great hurry.
5. Feels like always burdened with work.
6. Finds it difficult to slow down and relax.
7. More susceptible to hypertension and Coronary Heart Disease Heart Discase (CHD).

Alternate Answer
Defense Mechanism by Sigmund Freud:-
Definition: It is a way of reducing anxiety by distorting reality. It functions unconsciously. It defends ego against awareness of instinctual needs.
Repression, Projection, Denial, Reaction formation, Rationalisation.

Substance dependence is a Substance-Use Disorder. It is addictive behaviour. In substance dependence, there is intense craving for the substance to which the person is addicted and the person shows:

1. Tolerance.
2. Withdrawal symptoms.
3. Compulsive drug-taking.

1. Collective unconscious consists of archetypes or primordial images.
2. These are not individually acquired but inherited part of unconscious.
3. e.g. Myths, Dreams, God or Mother Earth or any other relevant example.

A number of psychological techniques of self-control have been suggested these are as follow:

1. Observation of own behaviour: If provides as with necessary information that may be used to change modify or strengthen certain aspects of self.
2. Self-instruction: We instruct ourselves to do something and behave the way we want to Such instructions are quite effective in self-regulation.
3. Self-reinforcement: This techniques involves rewarding behaviours that have pleasant outcomes.

Interactional approach.

• Situational characteristics play an important role.
• People may behave as dependent or independent not because of their internal personality traits but because of external rewards or threats.
• The cross – Situational consistency of traits is found to be quite low. e.g.–people’s behaviour in a market, courtroom, or a place of worship.

Characteristics of individuals with Type A personality by Friedman and Roseman:

1. High motivation.
2. Lack of patience.
3. Feel short of time.
4. Be in a great hurry.
5. Feels like always burdened with work.
6. Finds it difficult to slow down and relax.
7. More susceptible to hypertension and Coronary.

Heart Disease (CHD).

Defense Mechanism by Sigmund Freud:-
Definition:- It is a way of reducing anxiety by distorting reality, functions unconsciously. It defends ego against.
Awareness of instinctual needs.
Repression, Projection, Reaction formation, Rationalisation.

Defence mechanism, given by Freud. It takes a person back to an earlier stage.
Alternate Answer
Display behavior typical of less mature state of development.

Alternate Answer
Going back to good-old-golden days.

Alternate Answer
Freud’s theory of psycho-sexual development - fixation leads to regression.
Examples: Older children reverting to bed wetting, thumb sucking; adult’s crying.

Self is an organized cognitive structure. It can be understood in terms of subject and object or I and Me. It refers to the totality of one’s conscious thoughts, and feelings which pertain to one’s own self.
Indian Concept of Self:

• Self is characterized by the shifting nature of the boundaries.
• The Indian view does not make rigid dichotomies.
• It is based on collectivistic Indian society.

Western Concept of Self:

• The boundaries between self and the group are rigid.
• It holds clear dichotomies between self and group.
• It is based on individualistic society of the West.

While Karen Horney focuses more on interpersonal relationships during childhood, Alfred gives greater importance to personal goals of an individual.
There are, in my opinion, Horney would attribute the cause of depression to parental relations with children which are characterized by excessive interference or indifference. Deep anxiety would result from the behaviour rewards the child which, if is erratic, indifferent and discouraging feelings of isolation and helplessness will also emerge. Alfred Adler would, on the other hand, attribute depression to the feeling of inadequacy and guilt arising within the individual, due to the inability to achieve his/ her personal goals. These goals provide an individual with security and are important in overcoming feelings of inadequacy. If individual is not able to attain the goals and could not overcome inferiority appropriately then it leads to depression.