Sociology 2 Marks Question

• Associated with positive and desirable values.
• Improvement in technology and production processes.
• Modernisation refers to the path of development that much of West Europe or North America has taken.
• The truths of utility, calculation, and science take precedence over those of the emotions, the sacred and the non-rational.
• The individual rather than the group are the primary unit of society and politics.
• The association in which men live and work be based on choice and not birth.
• That mastery rather than fatalism orient their attitude towards material and human environment.
• That identity be chosen and achieved, not ascribed and affirmed.
• Work is separated from family, residence, and community in bureaucratic organisation.

Modernity–Giving up of local ties and parochial perspectives.

• Cosmopolitan attitudes.
• Rational outlook.
• Identity be chosen not ascribed.
• Universal commitments.
• Associations based on choice, not birth.

Westernisation –
According to M.N.Srinivas – The change brought about in Indian society and culture as a result of over 150 years of British Rule.
Alternate Answer
The changes brought about in a society due to the influence of Western Culture in Indian society as a result of the British Rule.

Rituals - Secular dimensions:

1. It provides men and women to socialise with their peers and superiors.
2. Showing off the Family's Wealth, Status, etc.

1. The orthodox members of the Hindu community in Bengal formed an organisation called Dharma Sabha.
2. This community petitioned the British arguing that reformers had no right to interpret holy texts.

Secularisation refers to the process of decline in the influence of religion that is supposed to accompany modernisation.

Modernisation refers to-
The improvements in technology and production process as well as the path of development that West Europe or North America has taken.

Two of the issues or themes taken up by the social reform movements of the 19th and early 20th centuries were:

1. The concerns for injustices suffered by the discriminated castes.
2. Problem faced by upper caste. Middle-class women and men.
3. Gender oppression and social evils.
4. The meaning of polygamy and purdah amongst Muslims.

Sanskritisation refers to the ‘low’ caste or tribe imitating the customs, rituals, beliefs, practices, ideology, life style of high caste.

New technologies in Colonial India were:

• Printing Press.
• Microphone.
• Telegraph.
• Steamship and Railways.

Westernisation:The changes brought about in Indian society and culture as a result of over 150 yrs of British rule.
Alternate Answer
Involves adopting of western lifestyles, western ways of thinking, spread of western cultural traits-the imitating of the western external forms of culture.

Modernity Involves -

1. Local ties and parochial perspective give way to universal commitments and cosmopolitan attitudes.
2. Behaviour thought, attitude is not decided by family, tribe, caste, community, etc.
3. Occupation/work based on choice, not birth.
4. Scientific & rational approach/attitude prevails over emotion.
5. Positive and desirable values - humanitarian, egalitarian, etc.

• Associated with positive and desirable values.
• Improvement in technology and production processes.
• Modernisation refers to the path of development that much of West Europe or North America has taken.
• The truths of utility, calculation, and science take precedence over those of the emotions, the sacred and the non-rational.
• The individual rather than the group be the primary unit of society and politics.
• The association in which men live and work be based on choice and not birth.
• That mastery rather than fatalism orient their attitude towards material and human environment.
• That identity be chosen and achieved, not ascribed and affirmed.
• Work be separated from family, residence, and community in bureaucratic organisation.

• Sanskritisation refers to a process whereby members of a (usually middle or lower) Caste attempt to raise their own social status by adopting the ritual, domestic and social practices of a caste (or Castes) of a higher status.

Alternate Answer

• Sanskritisation may be defined as the process by which a "low" Caste or tribe or other group takes over the customs, ritual, benefits, ideology and style of life of a high and, in particular, a twice - born (dwija) caste.

Acc to M.N. Srinivas, Westernisation means the changes brought about in the Indian Society and culture as a result of over 150 years of British rule/Western influence at different levels technology, institutions, ideology and values.

De-Sanskritisation: The areas where the non-sankritic castes were dominant it was their impact that was stronger. This can be termed the social process of ‘De-sankritisation’.

Sociologists understand social structure as a continuing arrangement of persons in relationships defined or controlled by institutions.

It was widely seen as web of interactions, which are both regular and recurrent. Referred to knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.

Dominant caste is the caste that owns a large part of agricultural land in the region, has a large number of members and enjoys a high status in the locality.

Modernization is a multi-dimensional process that gives a new meaning to the life of people in all walks of life-economically, politically, socially and culturally.

Cultural diversity is the presence within the larger national, regional or other context of various different types of cultural communities such as these defined by language, religion, ethnicity religion etc. virtually, it is a multiplicity or plurality of identities.

In the western societies, secularization has usually been defined as a process of decline in the influence of religion. The progressive retreat of religion from public life as it was converted from a mandatory obligation to a voluntary personal practice.

Colonialism led to the growth of English educated middle class. They read thinkers of western enlightenment, philosophers of liberal democracy and dreamt of ushering in a liberal and progressive India. And yet, humiliated by colonial rule, they took pride in traditional learning and scholarship.
Modernity spelled not merely new ideas but also a rethinking of tradition. Both culture and tradition are living entities. People learn them and in turn modify them. For example, traditionally the sari, a loose unstitched piece of cloth was differently worn in different regions. The standard way that the modern middle class woman wear was a novel combination of the traditional sari with the western petticoat and blouse.

Westernization is the process of adopting the values of the west which brings about changes in culture and social structures.Some sociologists restricted modernization to the cultural aspect only while others brought out the structural aspects. Some studies associate modernization with politics while others have analyzed its psychological meaning.
The concept of modernization is related to scientific values. It is not restricted to a society or culture. Modernization has many dimensions. It can be seen at various levels such as individual, group or the entire society. Modernization is a sort of process of change of social, economic and political systems.

According to M.N. Srinivas "Sanskritisation" is the process by which members of a lower caste try to emulate the upper caste in terms of customs and traditions, ideologies and lifestyle. But in regions where non-sanskritised caste (lower caste) in rural area became dominant and influenced the sanskritised caste (upper caste), this process is called 'De-sanskritization'.