Social Studies LONG ANS. QUESTIONS(5 Mark)

The salient features of the Constitution of India are:
i. India has the biggest Constitution in the world with a number of articles, schedules, and parts.
ii. Every part of the Constitution can be amended by Parliament except its "basic structure'. Any law which violates the basic structure of the Constitution is declared unconstitutional and invalid by the court.
iii. The Constitution provides certain fundamental rights to the citizens which are legally enforceable by the court of law.
iv. It provides certain, "Directive Principles of State Policy", which are not legally enforceable by the court of law. These principles promote social and economic democracy and aim to establish India as a welfare state.
v. It provides for the universal adult franchise as a basis of elections to the Lok Sabha and the state legislative assemblies.
vi. It declares India a socialist, democratic and secular state.

A. The South African Constitution inspires democrats all over the world.
B. A state denounced by the entire world till recently as the most undemocratic one is now seen as a model of democracy.
C. What made this change possible was the determination of the South African people to work together, to transform bitter experience into the binding glue of a rainbow nation.
D. After two years of discussion and debate they came out with one of the finest constitutions the world has ever had. This constitution gave to its citizens the most extensive rights available in any country. Together, they decided that in the search for a solution to the problems, nobody should be excluded, no one should be treated as a demon. They agreed that everybody should become part of the solution, whatever they might have done or represented in the past.
E. The Preamble to the South African Constitution sums up the spirit.

Human resource is a way of referring to a country's working people in terms of their existing productive skills and abilities. Every activity needs factors like land, labour, physical capital and human capital for its production.
No production activity is possible without human factors. It is a human resource that makes other resources useful by their wisdom and endeavours. Human resource is not only an essential factor of production but also an important element for other factors of production. It is the human resource that operates every sector of the economy whether Primary sector like agriculture, Secondary sectors like automobile manufacturing or Tertiary sector like financial services. No resource on this Earth can become useful without human endeavour. So, human resource is an indispensable factor of production.

A bad or disturbed monsoon can affect the country in many ways:
i. There will be a change in the landscape.
ii. The fauna and flora will be disturbed.
iii. Due to the change in the cycle of the season, the Indian agricultural cycle will be disturbed.
iv. Many of the festivals like Baisakhi, Pongal, Onam, Bihu, etc will come to an end.
v . There will be a shortage of food and drinking water in the country.
vi. There will be a decline in the export and increase in import affecting the economy of the country.
vii. The poor will be affected the most as essential things will be beyond their reach.
viii. The per capita income and the national income of the country will be affected due to more imports and less exports.
ix. A number of river water disputes will take place not only between countries but also among states.

i. Seasonal reversal of wind direction over the Indian subcontinent takes place due to pressure differential. El Nino has major role to play in the seasonal reversal of wind direction over the Indian subcontinent.
ii. The monsoon begins from the first week of June and advances quite rapidly to cover almost the whole country by mid-July. Hence, the bulk of rainfall in India is concentrated over the months of a few months; mainly June to August.
iii. The Tami Nadu coast receives winter rainfall because of movement of low-pressure conditions to the Bay of Bengal.
iv. The Bay of Bengal is the centre of various pressure changes and hence there is always a chance of development of cyclone. Due to this, the delta region of the eastern coast is frequently struck by cyclones.
v. The parts fall in the rain shadow area of the Aravalli. Hence, they are drought-prone and don't receive much of rainfall.

A. On 5th May 1789, Louis XVI called together an assembly of Estates General to pass proposals for new taxes.
B. A resplendent hall in Versailles was prepared to host the delegates.
C. The first and second estates sent 300 representatives each, who were seated in rows facing each other on two sides, while the 600 members of the third estate had to stand at the back.
D. The third estate was represented by its more prosperous and educated members. Peasants, artisans and women were denied entry to the assembly. However, their grievances and demands were listed in some 40,000 letters which the representatives had brought with them.

A. On the morning of 14th July 1789, the city of Paris was in a state of alarm. The king ordered his troops to move into the city. Rumours spread that he would soon order the army to open fire upon the citizens.
B. Some 7,000 men and women gathered in front of the town hall and decided to form a people's militia.
C. A group of several hundred people marched towards the eastern part of the city and stormed the fortress-prison, the Bastille.
D. In the armed fight, the commander of Bastille was killed and prisoners released. Since the Bastille stood for the despotic power of the king, it led people towards the success of French Revolution.