Que-Ans: [5 Marks Each]

Question 15 Marks

Mention the names of factors affecting climate and discuss any two factors.

Answer

self practice

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Question 25 Marks

What is climate ? Give information about elements of climate.

Answer

The average conditions of weather over a longer period of time is Climate.

Normally climate is determined on the basis of weather conditions of a region over a period of $35$ years or more.

Elements of Climate:

$(1)$ Insolation and Temperature:

The heat received from the Sun is known as Insolation.

Amount of insolation varies with latitude.

In tropical regions, Sun rays fall vertically, so temperature remains high.

In Polar Regions.

Sun’s rays fall oblique, so temperature remains low.

On the basis of insolation and temperature, a regions climate may be hot or cold, moderate or extreme.

$(2)$ Pressure and Winds:

Latitude, distance from the sea, physical features, location, altitude, forest regions and such other factors result in formation of low and high pressure areas.

Low pressure is experienced in equatorial regions due to heat, while in cold Polar Regions; high pressure is experienced due to the cold.

Thus, under the influence of various factors, low and high pressures are formed.

Air moves from areas of high pressure to that of low pressure.

When there is high pressure over the sea, moist winds from here blow towards the low pressure areas over continents and bring rain.

As winds coming from sea are cool, sea coast has a moderate climate.

In areas where dry winds blow, there is scanty rain and climate becomes extreme.

Thus, pressure and winds play an important role in changing climate of a region.

$(3)$ Humidity and Rain:

Water present in the atmosphere in the form of vapour is Humidity.

Amount of humidity depends on the rate of evaporation.

In dry desert regions due to less rain and in polar regions due to less evaporation, humidity is low.

Hence there is low rainfall. In equatorial regions, Sun’s rays fall vertically throughout the year and so there is highest evaporation.

Worlds heaviest rainfall is recorded here.

Air moisture makes the weather steamy.

Hence the humid climate of equatorial region is not healthy for humans.

Thus humidity and rain determine whether climate is dry or humid.

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Question 35 Marks

Explain structure of atmosphere with help of a diagram.

Answer

The atmosphere is a group of different gases around the earth and extending to an altitude of hundreds of

kilometers.

The atmosphere is colorless, tasteless, vapor less, transparent and resilient.
It is a mixture of different gases, moisture, particulate matter and organisms.
The temperature of the atmosphere is not the same at all altitudes above the earth's surface. Based on this disparity in temperature the four main sub-mantles of the atmosphere are as follows.

$(1)$ Troposphere $(2)$ Mesosphere $(3)$ Stratosphere $(4)$ Thermosphere.

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Question 45 Marks

What is atmosphere ? Mention the different components of the atmosphere.

Answer

Atmosphere is composed of soil, aquatic, atmospheric, biological and solid elements.

Atoms of the atmosphere: Atmospheric gases include nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, helium,

neon, ozone, xenon, krypton etc.

About $90$ percent of dry air is made up of nitrogen, and oxygen, gases.

The remaining $1\%$ contains other gases.

Carbon dioxide is the heaviest gas. It is therefore more abundant in the atmosphere up to a height of $20\ km$ from the surface.

While oxygen is up to $110\ km$ and nitrogen is up to $130\ km.$

The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is very low.

Vegetation takes in carbon dioxide from the air during photosynthesis. And use it to prepare their own food.

Oxygen is a useful gas for human and animal respiration. The ozone layer is about $32$ to $48\ km$ above the earth’s

surface.

Which absorbs the sun’s ultraviolet rays.

At an altitude of $130\ km$ above the Earth, the atmosphere is made up of lighter gases such as hydrogen and helium.

Water in the atmosphere is in three forms: solid, liquid, and gaseous

Water is in the form of ice particles, water droplets and steam in the air.

All of these water vapor forms are an important component of the atmosphere.

The atmosphere contains gases, liquids, as well as solids.

These include meteorites in addition to numerous particles, alkali particles and volcanic eruptive particles.

Since particles and alkalis are moist or moist, they increase the density of the atmosphere.

Absorbs the heat of the sun.

As well as its spread.

The process of formation of heat or evening scenes, fog, cloud etc. is due to the particles in the air.

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Question 55 Marks

Explain in detail about Factors of Climate.

Answer

$(1)$ Latitude:

Latitude is an important factor influencing climate.
As the Sun’s rays fall vertically in equatorial region, there is more heat.
There is more evaporation and hence more rain also.
Hence climate in this region becomes hot and humid.
As we go from the equatorial region to the Polar Regions, Sun’s rays become more oblique.
In Polar Regions Sun’s rays become most slanting.
There is less evaporation and also less rain.
Hence, very cold climate is experienced here throughout the year.
In $30$ and $45$ degree latitudes belt of Mediterranean region, there is dry climate in summer while winters

are warm and humid.
$(2)$ Altitude:

Temperature decreases as we go higher above the sea level.
For every $1\ km$ height, temperature of atmosphere falls on an average by $6.5^\circ $ degree Celsius.
Along with temperature, pressure also decreases with height.
Some places although located in tropical regions enjoy a pleasant and stimulating climate.
Quito city of Ecuador in South America, although located on the equator, its climate remains
Pleasant because of its height.
That is why people travel to hill stations Located at higher altitudes to escape the summer heat, such as Shimla, Manali, Darjeeling, Mount Abu, Saputara, Panchmadhi, Mahabaleshwar, Ooti, etc.

$(3)$ Distance from sea:

Land and water have different heat absorbing and heat transfer capacities.
This effect can be clearly seen on the oceans and continents of the Earth.
In areas close to the sea coast, the climate is moderate because of the effect of sea, while in continental areas located away from the sea, temperature remains higher and rainfall is less.
Cities like Mumbai, Singapore, London, Shanghai, Rio de Janeiro, etc. located on sea coast enjoy moderate climate, while Delhi, Moscow, Winnipeg, Amritsar, Lahore, etc. located away from the sea coast experience extreme climate.

$(4)$ Ocean currents:

Warm and cold currents in oceans influence climate.
Where warm and cold currents flow near sea coast, there climate remains warm and cold respectively.
The east coast of Canada and the northern part of Western Europe lie almost on same latitudes.
But due to different types of ocean currents that flow near these two regions, there is a difference in their climate.
Cold Labrador current flows near the east coast of Canada.
Hence there the climate is very cold.
In winter it becomes icy frozen.
While warm Gulf Stream of north Atlantic passes near the northern part of Western Europe.
Hence there the climate remains warm throughout the year.

$(5)$ Type of Soil:

Soil is a minor factor of climate.
Sandy soil rapidly becomes hot as well as cold.
To some extent such soil is responsible for extreme climate of desert regions.
Black lava soils or silty soil does not heat nor cool rapidly.
To some extent its effect is seen on climate.

$(6)$ Amount of forest:

In regions with vast forest cover, amount of rain is more and temperature remains below average.
In deserts or regions with open land surface, temperature remains higher and rain is scanty.
In east India, more rain is received due to vast forest areas.
Hence here, climate is hot and humid.
In dry and barren regions of Kachchh and west Rajasthan, temperature remains high, rain is very scanty.
Thus, here climate is of extreme type.

$(7)$ Winds:

Wind direction and its velocity influence climate.
Winds coming from cold regions are cold.
When they blow over warm regions, they lower the temperature there.
Winds coming from hot regions are hot.
When they blow over cold regions, they increase the temperature there.
Warm and moist winds blowing from the sea bring rain.
Dry winds blowing from land areas do not give rain.
This influences their climate.

$(8)$ Direction and slope of mountain range:

The time for which insolation persists and the direction of slope, determine the temperature and rain.
Normally, on a mountain slope, insolation persists for a longer time on west facing slope compared to east facing slope.
Accordingly, temperature remains higher on west facing slope.
The south facing slopes of the Himalayas remain free from the effect of cold northerly winds.
Hence temperature of southern slopes does not fall as much as that of northern slopes.
If a mountain range comes in way of moist winds coming from sea, the winds climb upslope and give more rain on the windward side.
The same winds after crossing over the mountain range on reaching the leeward side have less moisture and hence give less rain.

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Question 65 Marks

What is climate? Provide information about the climate.

Answer

The average conditions of weather over a longer period of time is Climate.
Normally climate is determined on the basis of weather conditions of a region over a period of $35$ years or more.
Elements of Climate:

$(1)$ Insolation and Temperature:

The heat received from the Sun is known as Insolation.
Amount of insolation varies with latitude.
In tropical regions, Sun rays fall vertically, so temperature remains high.
In Polar Regions.
Sun’s rays fall oblique, so temperature remains low.
On the basis of insolation and temperature, a regions climate may be hot or cold, moderate or extreme.

$(2)$ Pressure and Winds:

Latitude, distance from the sea, physical features, location, altitude, forest regions and such other factors result in formation of low and high pressure areas.
Low pressure is experienced in equatorial regions due to heat, while in cold Polar Regions; high pressure is experienced due to the cold.
Thus, under the influence of various factors, low and high pressures are formed.
Air moves from areas of high pressure to that of low pressure.
When there is high pressure over the sea, moist winds from here blow towards the low pressure areas over continents and bring rain.
As winds coming from sea are cool, sea coast has a moderate climate.
In areas where dry winds blow, there is scanty rain and climate becomes extreme.
Thus, pressure and winds play an important role in changing climate of a region.

$(3)$ Humidity and Rain:

Water present in the atmosphere in the form of vapour is Humidity.
Amount of humidity depends on the rate of evaporation.
In dry desert regions due to less rain and in polar regions due to less evaporation, humidity is low.
Hence there is low rainfall. In equatorial regions, Sun’s rays fall vertically throughout the year and so there is highest evaporation.
Worlds heaviest rainfall is recorded here.
Air moisture makes the weather steamy.
Hence the humid climate of equatorial region is not healthy for humans.
Thus humidity and rain determine whether climate is dry or humid.

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Geography Que-Ans: [5 Marks Each]

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