Statistics 3 Marks Each

• At present statistics has been accepted as an independent part of scientific methods. As its scope becomes wide, statistics is not only useful for quantitative data but also useful for qualitative data.
• Industrial statistics and a branch of statistics Operations Research - OR was used in the military projects during the second world war.
• In India, OR is used for national planning and survey and OR technique is used to formulate five year plans.
• OR technique can be useful for government to maximise the per capita income with minimum resources.
• In industry, by using OR technique, decisions regarding the optimum allocations of limited resources can be made and it can be planned to maximise the returns.
• To meet the market demand in future. OR technique is useful to decide the size of inventery.
• Thus, considering the use of statistics in recent times, its importance cannot be ignored.

• Some statistical data obtained by private and public organisation or researchers are not published.
• Such data is called unpublished secondary data.
• Unpublished data may be collected on request from the records of private and public organisation.
• From research papers, articles and essays some unpublished data can be obtained.

• In the method of questionnaire by enumerators, enumerators themselves contact the respondents personally and fill the questionnaire.
• In this method if enumerators are enthusiastic. polite, honest and efficient in their work, correct answers to the questions are obtained by providing relevant and supplementary information to the respondents.
• The enumerators are instructed to create friendly atmosphere without entering into any control- versy or showing any disrespect towards the respondents.
• Whether respondents are educated or uneducated by this method it become easy to collect data.

In questionnaire by post, a questionnaire is sent to respondents by post.

• A letter of request is sent along with the questionnaire, requesting the respondent to send the questionnaire daily filled within the stipulated time.
• A blank envelope is sent along with the questionnaire to ali the respondents bearing the address of enumerator and a proper postal stamp to get it return in given period of time.
• Since the answers to the questionnaire are to be given by respondent themselves, the questions in questionnaire should be clear, short, simple, relevant and self explanatory.
• To collect data from educated and responsible persons this method of questionnaire by post is very convenient and useful.

• A list of logically arranged questions relevant to the object of the study and keeping the space between the questions for answers is called a questionnaire. The method of obtaining information using such type of questionnaire is called a method of questionnaire.
• This method is quite useful when the field of inquiry is very vide.
• There are two ways of collecting information by questionnaire : (1) By post and (2) By enumerators.
• The success of this method of collecting information depends on the construction of questionnaire.
• Since there is considerable saving of time and cost in this method. it is the most economical method of inquiry.
• This method of questionnaire may be used in direct inquiry as well as indirect inquiry.

Some examples of primary data are as follows : (1) The data of Population Census of India obtained by NSSO. (2 ) The data on Indian agriculture obtained by IASR. (3 ) The data of post graduate students obtained by Gujarat University (4) The financial data of India obtained by RBI. (5 ) The data on Textile Industries of Gujarat obtained by ATIRA.

No.	Qualitative Data	No.	Quantitative Data
1.	The set of observations collected on qualitative variable is called qualitative data.	1.	The set of observations collected on the numerical variable is called quantitative data.
2.	For example the data relevant to the attributes such as sex, standard of study of the students Studying in a school is qualitative data.	2.	For example, the data relevant to numeric variables such as age, weight, height, etc. of students studying in a school is quantitative data.
3.	The observations of qualitative data are non - numerical mean they cannot be expressed in numbers.	3.	The observations of quantitative data are numerical means they are in numbers.

• The well - known Indian Statistician Prof. P. C. Mahalanobis founded the Indian Statistical institute - ISI at Kolkata in 1931.
• He started the first post graduate course in statistics at Kolkata University in 1941. National Sample Survey - NSS (now known as National Sample Survey Organisation - NSSO) proposed by Mahalanobis was started in 1950 and the data collection started in India.
• In 1953 using operations search system in ISI he had framed outline of second five year plan.
• Thus his contribution in the development of Statistics in India was significant.

Industrial statistics and a branch of statistics Operations Research — OR was used in the military projects during the second world war.
In India, OR is used for national planning and survey and OR technique is used to formulate five year plans.
OR technique can be useful for government to maximise the per capita income with minimum resources.
In industry, by using OR technique, decisions regarding the optimum allocations of limited resources can be made and it can be planned to maximise the returns.
To meet the market demand in future, OR technique is useful to decide the size of inventery.
Thus, considering the use of statistics in recent times, its importance cannot be ignored.