Short note .[3 Marks Each]

Question 13 Marks

Paintings, literature and music of Mughal era

Answer

Paintings of Mughal era : Mughal emperors were very fond of paintings.

Humayu brought painters Mir Syed Ali and Khwaja Abdul Ramad from Iran to Delhi.

Jasawant and Basavan were the great painters in Akbar's court.
They drew many pictures in Persian stories, translated texts of Mahabharata, Akbarnama, etc, Jahangir himself was a good painter.
The world famous painters Mansoor and Abul Hasan were there in his court. Jahangir established a school of During this period art of painting.
progressed in Rajasthan. Gujarat. Punjab. Himachal Pradesh and the Southern states. Literature of Mughal era : The Mughal emperors were the patrons of literature.
They were good writers. During that period, extensive literature was created in Persian. Arabic, Hindi, Marathi, Bengali and otherlanguages.
Abul Fazal has written biography of Akbar namely, 'Akbarnama'. He also wrote a historical book called 'Aaine-Akbari'. He translated Mahabharata in Persian language.
During this time, there was a lot of literature based on the life of Lord Krishna, composed in Indian languages. In the Mughal era, in Marathi language Saint Eknath, Saint Gyaneshwar, Saint Namdev and Swami Ramdas; in Bengali language Saint Chaitanya and in Gujarati language Narsinh Mehta composed devotional literature.
Music of Mughal era : With the exception

of Aurangzeb, all Mughal emperors were fond of music. Akbar was a connoisseur of music. Among the Navratnas of his court, Tansen was a great singer of classical music.

Tansen composed on several ragas. There was also a musician named Baiju Bawra in the court of Akbar.

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Question 23 Marks

The revenue system of the Mughal Empire

Answer

Akbar Badshah established a new revenue system in India, which was known as Mansabdari system.

Todarmal was the founder of that system. In that system, first the land was measured, then the type of land was determined and its type were given.
Revenue is determined on type. The rate of revenue was about one-third part of annual produce. The Mansabdari system was associated with both the military and the revenue department.
Mansab means Jagir. Mansabdar was considered as the chief of the Jagir.
He collected revenue from the Jagir and maintained law and order in the area. For this he given army according to the Jagir.
He was was considered as the Chief Justice of the area. He was transferred at regular intervals. The Mughal Mansabdari system was unique in the world. It was the highest paid in the world.

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Question 33 Marks

Chhatrapati Shivaji

Answer

Chhatrapati Shivaji was the founder of Maratha empire. He was born in $1627\ AD$ in Shivneri fort. He was the son of Shahaji and Jijabai.

Shivaji was greatly influenced by his guru Swami Samarth Ramdas and Dadaji Konddev.
He conquered more than $40$ forts to expand the great Maratha kingdom from a small estate. In them Torana, Chakan, Sinhgardh.
Purandar, etc. were the main. He fought many battles with the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb and Adilshah of Bijapur Sultanate and achieved victory. After defeat in $1665\ AD$ in the battle with Aurangzeb. Shivaji signed a treaty with Aurangzeb.
Aurangzeb even imprisoned Shivaji. But he escaped cleverly and fought back and got victory. Shivaji was

coronated in $1674\ AD$. Shivaji became famous in the history as 'Hindu Emperor'.

Shivaji was an ideal ruler and great onqueror. He was also an efficient administrator and a great organiser.
He formed a cabinet of eight ministers i.e. Ashta Pradhanmandal for the efficient administration of the Maratha state. Shivaji died in $1680\ AD$.

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Question 43 Marks

Maharana Pratap

Answer

Maharana Pratap was the majestic king of Mewar. As Akbar attacked on Mewar, battle of Haldighati took place between Akbar and Maharana Pratap in $1576\ AD$.

Rana Pratap was defeated in that battle, but he was not disappointed.
He lost the territory of Mewar but didn't lose the courage. He established his power in the areas around Udaipur. He continued his struggle against Akbar.
There were many attempts for pacification, but Rana not ready to leave Chittor.
He continued guerilla warfare against the Mughals by hiding in the hills of Aravalli. After the defeat against Akbar, Rana Pratap took the capital to Golgunda and continued fighting till the end. Later on, he made Chawand of Dungarpur as his capital. He died at an age of $51$. Rana Pratap is famous in the history Scarasd ait courageous hero.

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Question 53 Marks

Aurangzeb

Answer

Shah Jahan had four sons : Dara Shikoh, Sujan, Murad and Aurangzeb. Taking the advantage of Shah Jahan's illness, a fierce civil war broke out amongst the four brothers to dominate the empire.

There was a major conflict between Aurangzeb's eldest son Dara Shikoh and Aurangzeb.
Aurangzeb killed Dara Shikoh. He sent Murad in jail, defeated Sujan and sent him to exile. Thus, Aurangzeb removed his all three brothers from the power and conflict and established his rule on the throne of Delhi in $1658\ AD$ Aurangzeb ruled for about fifty years. His kingdom consisted of the Kashmir in the North to Jinji in the South and from Chittagong in the East to Hindukush mountain range in the West.
Aurangzeb built an artistic tomb like the Taj Mahal called Rabir-ud-Dauran in Aurangabad in memory of his wife. Aurangzeb was thumping. He was a strict Sunni Muslim. He abandoned Akbar's religious policy and showed religious intolerance.
He imposed pilgrim tax on the Hindus. Aurangzeb led a very simple life.
He was against music, Idol worship and religious festivals. There were many revolts during his time. He was a powerful ruler.

He ruled over a major part of India for a very long time. Aurangzeb died in $1707\ AD$. After the death of Aurangzeb, some weak rulers came resulting in the fall of Mughal empire.

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Question 63 Marks

Shah Jaha

Answer

After the death of Jahangir, Shah Jaha came to the throne of Delhi in $1627\ AD$ Shah Jahan's nick- name was Khurram.

Shah Jaha conquered Doiatabad, Ahmednagar, Golconda and Bijapur.
He was a lover of architecture. Shah Jaha's time is considered to be the golden age of Mughal architecture.
Shah Jaha is known throughout history as the constructor of places due to his legendary constructions. He built the world famous scenic and unique Taj Mahal on the banks of the Yamuna river in Agra in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal.
It is still centre of major tourist attraction. It is considered one of the wonders of the world.
Besides these, he built Moti Masjid in Agra and famous Red Fort in old Delhi. Inside this fort, he established a city called 'Shah Jahabad' after his name.

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Question 73 Marks

Jahangir

Answer

In $1605\ AD$ Jahangir came to the throne of Delhi after the death of Akbar.

Jahangir inherited a great empire established by Akbar. He continued Akbar's policies.
He maintained good relations with the Hindus. He extended his rule from Assam to Golconda in South India. His wife Noor Jahan was beautiful, intelligent, ambitious as well as she was fond of literature and art.
Noor Jahan ruled in name of Jahangir for fifteen years. Jahangir is famous in history for his Jahangiri Justice'. Jahangir was a great painter.
He encouraged many arts. Painting Nourished in the rule of Jahangir. Peace and prosperity were generally established in the empire during the reign of Jahangir. Jahangir died in $1627\ AD$

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Question 83 Marks

Akbar

Answer

Akbar was the most powerful ruler among Mughal rulers.

He was born in $1542\ AD$ in the home of a Hindu Rajput ruler in Amarkot.

In $1556\ AD$ in the second battle of Panipat, Akbar defeated Hemu the ruler of Delhi and became the emperor of Delhi only at the age of $14$. Akbar's empire extended till Kabul, Kandhar and Kashmir In North, till Gujarat, Varad, Khandesh and Ahmednagar at South, ull Baluchistan at West and till Bengal in East.

The battle of Haldighat was fought between Akbar and Rana Pratap. Akbar got victory in this battle. He made Fatehpur Sikri his capital and built many famous buildings. The Buland Darwaja, built in the memory of victory over Gujarat, Salim Chishu Dargah, Mosque, Panchmahal, etc. are included in his constructions. Akbar adopted a liberal religious policy towards the Hindus. He started social relations with the Rajputs. He appointed the Rajputs at high positions in the army. Akbar was a secular king. He brought together the best elements of religions and established a sect called 'Din-c-Ilahl'.

He translated great texts like Ramayana, Mahabharata, Atharva Ved, Panchtantra, Bible and Quran into Persian. Akbar was a social reformer. He opposed child marriages and Sati.
He abolished pilgrim taxes and banned forced religious conversions. During Akbar's time India was economically prosperous. He estabished the era of social tolerance.
When he died in $1605\ AD$ most of the parts of India were under the reign of the Mughals.

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Question 93 Marks

Humayu

Answer

After the death of Babar, his son ascended the throne of Delhi in $1530\ AD$.

Humayu means lucky, but he had to face many difficulties in his life.
Humayu had to fight against Sultan Bahadur Shah of Gujarat and Sher Shah, the powerful ruler of Bihar. Sher Shah defeated Humayu in the battle of Kannauj, so he escaped to Iran.
But a few years later, he invaded India again. In $1545\ AD$, Humayu conquered Kabul and Kandhar with the help of the emperor of Iran.
After that in $1555\ AD$ he re-established his rule over India.
Humayu was fond of reading and writing like his father. He established a town named Dinpanah near Delhi. He died after falling down the steps of the library during the evening prayer (in $1556\ AD$).

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Question 103 Marks

Babar

Answer

The original name of Babur was Zahiruddin Mohammad Babur. Babur was intelligent and powerful warrior. He was fluent in Persian and Arabic languages. He was nature lover and writer. He wrote autobiography "Tazuk i-Baburt'- Baburnama, is considered as a famous work of world literature. Babur invaded India in $1526\ AD$. He defeated Sultan Ibrahim Lodi of Delhi in the first battle of Panipat and laid foundation of the Mughal empire in India. Babur defeated Sultan Ibrahim Lodi of Delhi in that battle using canons. In $1527$, he defeated Rana Sangram Singh of Mewar in the battle of Khanwa. Babur conquered the territories around Delhi and Agra and made strengthened the foundation of Mughal empire. Babur set up gardens in Agra and Lahore. Babur died due to the illness in $1530\ AD$.

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Social Science Short note .[3 Marks Each]

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