Distinguish between

Question 15 Marks

Distinguish Between

Tourism in India and Brazil

Answer

	Tourism in India	Tourism in Brazil
1.	Heritage, adventure, cultural, health and business tourism, ecotourism are some of the tourist attractions here.	Clean, white sand beaches, attractive seacoast, beautiful islands, orchards, deep dense forests of Amazon, various birds and animals are some of the tourist attractions in Brazil.
2.	Around 9% of Indian population is engaged in tourism which is higher than that of Brazil.	The proportion of Brazilian population engaged in tourism is less which is around 7%.
3.	Indian tourism’s contribution to GDP is less than that of Brazil. It amounts to around 8%.	Tourism sector in Brazil contributes more than 9% towards country’s GDP.
4.	Cities like Mumbai, Agra, and Jaipur, etc. attract lots of tourists every year.	Cities like Brasilia, Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo are important tourist attractions.

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Question 25 Marks

Distinguish Between

Transportation in India and Brazil

Answer

	Transportation in India	Transportation in Brazil
1.	Dense network of railways and roadways is found in India.	Out of all transportation routes, roadways are the maximum in Brazil. Roads are most dense in the eastern part.
2.	Railways have contributed significantly in the growth of Indian economy. Railway network is relatively less dense in the hill states, north eastern states, central parts of India, and Rajasthan while it is dense in the North Indian Plains.	Railways are less developed.
3.	Waterways (which comprise of rivers, canals, backwaters, creeks, etc.) contribute to about 1% of the country’s transportation.	Navigation on the Amazon river is mainly for commercial purposes. The longest waterways in the world, from the mouth of the Amazon to Equitos in Peru (approximately 3700 km.) passes through Brazil. Parana River in the south is an important river which is used for water transport.
4.	Approximately 95% of India’s foreign trade is conducted through waterways.	Coastal shipping is carried out in the coastal areas.
5.	As compared to Brazil, airways are more developed in India. Also, the use of internal airways has increased.	In Brazil, there is a limited contribution of airways.

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Question 35 Marks

Differentiate between

Indian standard time (IST) and Brazilian standard time (BRT)

Answer

Basis	IST	BRT
Time zones	India has a single time zone.	Brazil has 4 time zones
The difference between Greenwich time	Different by 5 hours 35 minutes.	Different by 2, 3, 4 and 5 hours according to the different time zones.
Difference between extreme points	Different from 2 hours.	Different by 2 hours 45 minutes.
Time difference	IST is ahead of BRT by 8 hours 30 minutes.	BRT is behind IST.

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Question 45 Marks

Differentiate between

Communication in Brazil and India

Answer

Basis	Communication in Brazil	Communication in India
Controls	Highly concentrated by private media ownership.	Government control major networks like all India Radio.
Nature of communication system	Highly Developed with more inclusion of people.	Highly developed through the inclusion of everyone is still not successful.
Coverage	Mainly covers the eastern parts of the country. The central and northern region is largely left out due to inaccessibility.	Covers mostly every region of the country.

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Question 55 Marks

Distinguish Between

Occupations in India and Brazil

Answer

	Occupations in India	Occupations in Brazil
1.	Agriculture
	Agriculture is the main occupation of the people in India. Indian agriculture is mainly subsistence type.	Agriculture is the main occupation of the people living in the highlands and coastal areas.
2.	Mining
	Mining is well-developed in the Chhota Nagpur plateau in India because it is rich in various types of minerals. Hence, it is the main occupation of people residing there. Moreover, coal, mineral oil and natural gas, stones like marble are also mined in India.	Mining in the western part of Brazil is very limited. In contrast, mining work has developed well in the Highland region due to the availability of minerals and increasing demand. Iron ore, manganese, nickel, copper, bauxite, tungsten, diamonds, etc. are various types of minerals found in Brazil.
3.	Fishing
	In India, marine fishing accounts for about 40% of the total annual production of fish while inland fisheries contribute about 60% of the country’s total fish production	Marine fishing is undertaken on a large scale in Brazil. Inland fishing is not developed here even though there are a large numbers of rivers in Brazil.
4.	Industries
	The distribution of industries in India is highly uneven due to uneven distribution of the necessary raw material and power resources.	Large industries are mainly concentrated in the southern and south-eastern parts of Brazil. Although the north-eastern part of Brazil is the poorest, it is beginning to attract new investment in industries.

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Question 65 Marks

Distinguish between

Animal life in India and animal life in Brazil

Answer

	Animal life in India	Animal life in Brazil
1.	Snow leopards and yaks are found in the snow-capped regions of Himalayas while Indian Bisons, deer, antelopes and monkeys are found in the Peninsular region. In the hot and humid forests, elephants are found in great number. In the arid lands, wild ass and camels are found.	Guinea pigs, crocodiles, alligators, monkeys, pumas, leopards, golden lion Tamarin, etc. are found in Brazil.
2.	In the swampy and marshy lands of Assam, one-horned rhinoceroses are found.	In the swampy areas of the Pantanal, huge anacondas are found.
3.	Many turtles, crocodiles and gavials (Gharial) are found in the rivers, estuaries and coastal areas.	Swordfish are found in the seas while pink dolphins and piranhas are found in the rivers.
4.	Variety of birds like peacocks, the Great Indian bustard, Kingfishers, peasants, ducks, parakeets, cranes and pigeons are found in the forests and wetlands of India.	Major birds like macaws, flamingos, various types of parrots and condors are found in Brazil.

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Question 75 Marks

Distinguish between

North Indian plains and Brazilian plains

Answer

	North Indian plains	Brazilian plains
1.	The North Indian Plains are divided into two sub-divisions, viz. the Ganga Basin and the Brahmaputra Valley.	The Brazilian plains are confined to two areas, viz. the Amazon basin in the north and Paraguay-Parana source region in the southwest.
2.	North Indian Plains lie between Himalaya Mountains in the north and the peninsular plateau in the south. Also, it extends from Rajasthan and Punjab in the west to Assam in the east	Amazon plains form the largest plain land of Brazil. It lies between the Guyana Highlands and the Brazilian Highlands.
3.	Most of the parts of West Bengal and Bangladesh together constitute the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta system. It is known as Sunderbans. The western part of the North Indian Plains is occupied by Thar Desert.	Most of the Amazon plains are covered by tropical rainforests. Pantanal is one of the largest wetlands in the world found in Brazil.

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Question 85 Marks

Distinguish betweenHistorical background of India and Historical background of Brazil

Answer

	Historical background of India	Historical background of Brazil
1.	India was under British rule for nearly one and a half-century and gained independence on $15^{th}$ August $1947$.	Brazil was under Portuguese rule for more than three centuries and gained independence on $7^{th}$ September $1822$. Further, it was governed by a populist military government from $1930$ till $1985$.
2.	In the initial years of its independence, India fought three wars. These wars had an adverse effect on the economy of India. In the post-independence period, India faced severe shortage of food grains which resulted in famines in several parts of the country	Brazil went through global financial difficulties till date $20^{th}$ century.

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Question 95 Marks

Differentiate between.

Water transport in the Amazon and the Ganga river.

Answer

Basis	Water transport in river Amazon	Water transport in river Ganga
Nature	It is the largest river basin in the world.	It is the largest river basin in India.
Types of transportation practices	Mostly commercialised transportation is practiced with some degree of traditional methods.	Mostly primitive and traditional methods are used. The commercialised version is used only in the eastern parts.
Intensity of requirement	It is highly necessary only in the eastern parts having a higher population.	It is required in every part of the region as it is one of the most densely populated areas of the country.
Degree of development	Not highly developed in the interior parts due to the occurrence of waterfalls, strong currents and impenetrable forests.	Highly developed throughout the region due to the plain topography.

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Question 105 Marks

Distinguish between

Agriculture in India and Brazil

Answer

	Agriculture in India	Agriculture in Brazil
1.	Indian agriculture is mainly a subsistence type. Around 60% of land in India is under cultivation.	Agriculture as the main occupation is practiced in the Highlands and the coastal regions of Brazil.
2.	Rice, wheat, maize, sorghum, and millets are the major food crops produced in India.	Rice and maize are the main cereal crops produced in Brazil. Maize is mainly produced in the central part of Brazil.
3.	Cash crops like sugarcane, cotton, jute, silk, etc. are also produced in India.	Cash crops like coffee, cocoa, rubber, soya bean, and sugarcane are cultivated on a large scale in Brazil.
4.	Tea, coffee, spices, cotton & silk textiles and mangoes are some of the items which are exported from India.	Brazil is the largest exporter of coffee and soya bean in the world.

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Question 115 Marks

Distinguish between

Urbanisation in India and Brazil

Answer

	Urbanisation in India	Urbanisation in Brazil
1.	The growth of urbanisation in India has been slow.	Brazil is highly urbanised.
2.	In 2011, the level of urbanisation in India was 31.2% which is quite low in comparison to the developed countries	Currently, 86% of Brazil’s population resides in cities.
3.	The southern part of India is more urbanised than the northern part.	The rate of urbanisation is high in south and south-east.
4.	The urbanisation in Goa is 62%, while in Delhi it is more than 80%. Urbanisation is also more in the states of Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Kerala.	States like Sao Paulo, Goias, Rio De Janeiro, Espirito Santo have more urban population than states in the North.
5.	The states of Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Bihar, and Rajasthan experience low levels of urbanisation.	In Amazon Basin and Brazilian Highlands, as population is less, urbanisation is also less. However, urbanisation has occurred in Manaus in Amazon Basin region.

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Question 125 Marks

Distinguish between

Average life expectancy in India and Brazil

Answer

	Average life expectancy in India	Average life expectancy in Brazil
1.	The average life span of an Indian is around 68 years.	The average life span of Brazilians is around 75 years.
2.	Life expectancy in India is less than in Brazil.	Life expectancy in Brazil is more than in India.
3.	In the year of 1960, average life expectancy was 41 years.	In the year of 1960, average life expectancy was around 54 years.

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Question 135 Marks

Distinguish between

Vegetation in India and vegetation in Brazil

Answer

	Vegetation in India	Vegetation in Brazil
1.	Dominant type of forest
	Deciduous forests are dominantly found in India in the regions receiving rainfall between 1000 mm to 2000 mm along with warm and moist summers and cold and dry winters.	It rains throughout the year in most parts of the equatorial region receiving rainfall of about 2000 mm on average. Thus, equatorial forests are dominant in Brazil.
2.	Coniferous Forest
	Coniferous forests are found in places of medium altitudes of Indian Himalayas. E.g.: pine, deodar, fir and at foothills mixed forests are found.	Coniferous forests are not found in Brazil.
3.	Tropical Evergreen Forests
	Tropical evergreen forests are mainly found in the Western Ghats and the north eastern India with regions receiving rainfall of more than 2000 mm.	Tropical evergreen forests are mainly found in northern part of Brazil (Amazon River Basin).
4.	Temperate Grasslands
	Temperate grasslands are found mainly in a small piece of land in Assam.	Temperate grasslands are found in abundance in Pampas.
5.	Thorny Shrubs
	Thorny shrubs are seen in the parts of the states of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana and Tamil Nadu where the rainfall is very less.	Thorny shrubs are found in Caatinga in Brazil.

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Question 145 Marks

Distinguish between

Climate of India and climate of Brazil

Answer

	Climate of India	Climate of Brazil
1.	India has a monsoon type of climate.	Brazil experiences wide range of variations in climate. For E.g. the climate is hot near the equator while it is temperate near the Tropic of Capricorn.
2.	In India, the average temperature is higher throughout the year since the sun’s rays are perpendicular upto the Tropic of Cancer which passes through it.	In Brazil, the equator cuts across the northern part of the country which results in 25° C to 28° C of average temperature in the Amazon Valley.
3.	The temperature in the northern states of India is cold. The temperature increases towards the southern states.	The northern part of Brazil is generally hot while in the southern part, the temperature is comparatively lower.
4.	India receives rainfall due to the South-west monsoon winds and the rainfall is mainly of orographic rain.	Brazil receives orographic type of rainfall from the South-east Trade winds & North-east Trade winds and the rainfall in the northern part of Brazil is of convectional type.
5.	Tropical cyclones occur frequently in India.	Tropical cyclones occur rarely in Brazil.

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Question 155 Marks

Differentiate between the physiography of Brazil and India.

Answer

India - major physiographic divisions	Brazil - major physiographic divisions
India lies in the Asian continent.	Brazil lies in the South American continent.
The Himalayas: across the north-eastern portion of India is made up of three parallel ranges often referred to as the Greater Himalayas, the Lesser Himalayas, and the outer Himalayas.	The Highlands: They make up more than half of the country's landmass and are the main source of the nation's abundant mineral resource. They are recognized for their diversity.
The Peninsula: India is surrounded by water on three sides; the Bay of Bengal in the east, the Arabian Sea in the west, and the Indian Ocean in the south.	The Great Escarpment: plateau edge of southern America that separates the region's highland interior plateau from the fairly narrow coastal strip.
The North Indian Plains: made by the Ganga River in the northern parts of India and the border surrounding areas of the Himalayas	The Plains: Pampas are vast plains extending westward across central Argentina from the Atlantic coast to the Andean Foothills.
Coastal Plains: India is blessed with a long coastline extending for approximately 7500 km. The western coast borders the Arabian Sea whereas the eastern coast borders the Bay of Bengal.	The Coastal region: Brazil has a coastline of about 7400 km. One may divide that into two parts namely the northern and eastern coast.
Island Groups: India has two large group of islands, one each in the Arabian Sea and in Bay of Bengal. The islands in the Arabian Sea are known as Lakshadweep whereas the islands in the Bay of Bengal are called the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.	Island Groups: Besides the mainland, some islands are also included in Brazil. They can be classified into coastal islands and marine islands.

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Question 165 Marks

Which of the following shapes show the coastal part of Brazil correctly?

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Question 175 Marks

Distinguish between

Location, extent and boundaries of India and Brazil

Answer

	India	Brazil
1.	Location based on hemisphere
	India is located in the Northern and the Eastern hemisphere.	Some part of Brazil lies in the Northern hemisphere while most of it lies in the Southern hemisphere and the Western hemisphere.
2.	Location based on continent
	India is located in Asian continent.	Brazil is located in north of South American continent.
3.	Latitudinal extent
	Latitudinal extent of India is 8° 4' N to 37° 6' N latitude.	Latitudinal extent of Brazil is 5° 15' N to 33° 45' S latitude.
4.	Longitudinal extent
	Longitudinal extent of India is 68° 7' E to 97° 25' E longitude.	Longitudinal extent of Brazil 34° 45' W to 73° 48' W longitude.
5.	Boundaries
	North - China, Nepal, Bhutan, Afghanistan East - Bangladesh, Myanmar, Bay of Bengal South - Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Indian Ocean West - Pakistan, Arabian Sea	North - French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana, Venezuela, North Atlantic Ocean East - South Atlantic Ocean South - Argentina, Uruguay West - Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay

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