Biology Answer the following questions.

1. \(4 mol H.COOH CH CO _4+3 CO _2+2 H _2 O\) (Formic acid)
2. \(CO _2+4 H _2 CH _4+2 H _2 O\)

Microbes play a significant role during secondary and tertiary sewage treatment.

• During secondary treatment, primary effluent is continuously agitated in a large tank due to which vigorous growth of useful aerobic microbes into flocs takes place. These microbes consume major part of the organic matter in the effluent as they grow. Due to this, BOD of the effluent is significantly reduced.
• During tertiary treatment, bacterial flocs are allowed to sediment. Small part of it is passed back into the aeration tank and a large part is pumped into large tanks called anaerobic sludge digesters. These anaerobic bacteria digest the bacteria and fungi in sludge.
• Thus, use of microbes in sewage treatment helps to remove organic matter from waste water before it is discharged in water bodies like rivers.

1. Gibberellins are used to induce germination and break seed dormancy in barley and wheat.
2. Gibberellins have been linked to parthenocarpy in tomato, apple, and pear.
3. Gibberellins stimulate bolting and flowering in plants like beets and cabbage.
4. Gibberellins are used to increase fruit size and bunch length in grapes.
5. Gibberellins stimulate stem elongation in plants that are genetically small.
6. Gibberellins are used to circumvent the need for vernalization.

Advantages:

1 .Spirulina serves as a good source of proteins (SCP).
2. These can be produced throughout the year.
3. Large quantities of SCP from very small land area can be obtained due to rapid growth of microbes.
4.  Substrates used may be cheaper or even wastes.
5.  Some SCPs are good sources of B-complex vitamins.
6.  So SCP is expected to solve the problem of protein deficiency in the children of developing countries. (But SCP may contain toxic  compounds produced by some microbes and may lead to  indigestion and allergic reactions.)

(1) Biofortification is the method of breeding of crops to produce varieties which have increased nutritional value.

(2) a. Fortified Maize has twice the amount of amino acids - lysine and tryptophan.
b.Vitamin C-enriched bitter gourd and tomato have been developed by IARI.

(a) A biopatent is a patent granted by the government to the inventor for biological entities and for products obtained from them. It allows the patent holder to prevent others from making, using, selling, or importing the protected invention for a limited period of time.

(b) Bio-piracy - It is a situation in which indigenous knowledge of life science, nature; originating with indigenous peoples, is used by the others for commercial use without any permission.

Definition : The biofertilizers are mostly nitrogen-fixing microbes which enrich soil with nutrients. Mycorrhiza is a fungus. It forms symbiotic association with the roots of higher plants. There are two types ; Ectomycorrhiza, Endomycorrhiza.

1) Explant culture: Proper explant is excised from the plant which may be a cell, tissue or a piece of the plant organ. Generally, parenchyma tissue or meristem is used as explants. The cells from explant absorb nutrients and start multiplying to form callus. Callus is the unorganised mass of cells

2) Sterilization: In tissue culture technique, different apparatus, the medium used and the explant also is to be properly sterilized to avoid the contamination due to which the experiment may fail. The methods used for sterilization may be dry or wet sterilization, Alcohol sterilization etc. The explants used can be sterilized by using 1% sodium hypochlorite or 70% ethyl alcohol or 10% hydrogen peroxide

3) Organogenesis: Now the growth hormones like auxins and cytokinins in proper proportion are provided to the callus to induce the formation of organs. If auxins are more, roots are formed (rhizogenesis) and if the cytokinins are in more quantity then the shoot system begins to develop (caulogenesis).

Biopatent - A biopatent is a patent granted by the government to the inventor for biological entities, processes and products.

Basmati rice known for its unique aroma and flavour has been grown in India for centuries.

The breeding technique in which mutations are induced using mutagens and mutant organisms with the desired characters is known as mutational breeding. In plant breeding, this technique is employed to obtain resistant varieties of plants, e.g. moong beans to yellow mosaic virus and powdery mildew.

VAM (vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae):

(1) VAM is vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae.
(2) In this, the hyphae live in the intercellular spaces of root cortex and send projections into the root cortical cells.
(3) These branches (inside the cell) may be swollen to form vesicles or become a finely branched mass, called arbuscules.
(4) VAM (vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae) is the symbiotic association between a fungus (Phycomycetes) and the root of the angiosperm plant. The fungus helps the plants to obtain the plant nutrients from the soil. In return, plant root serves as the habitat for them. They form a network of filaments and colonises in the root system.

If the female plant bears bisexual flowers removal of anthers from the flower but before the Answer basis using a pair of forceps is necessary this is referred to as emasculation.

EMASCULATION
Emasculation flowers have to be covered with a bag of suitable size generally made up of butter paper to prevent contamination of its stigma with unwanted Fallen this process is called bagging.

BAGGING

A patent is a special right granted to the inventor by the government. A patent is the personal property of an inventor. It can be sold like any other property. Biopatent is a biological patent. For example basmati rice and turmeric.

Explanation:

For the preparation of suspension culture, callus is transferred to a liquid nutrient medium and is agitated. Cells of callus are separated due to agitation. Constant agitation at 100- 250 rpm serves the purpose of aeration, mixing and prevention of aggregation. This suspension culture is sub-cultured every week. Suspension cultures grow here more or less need to be sub-cultured rapidly than the callus culture.

Following equipment is necessary to start the business of apiculture.
(i) Two bee hive boxes
(ii) Bee veil
(iii) Smoker
(iv) Bee brush
(v) Gloves
(vi) gumshoes
(vii) Uncapping knife
(viii) Swarm net
(ix) Queen excluder
(x) Overall hive tool, etc.

Alcoholic fermentation is a complex biochemical process during which yeasts convert sugars to ethanol, carbon dioxide, and other metabolic byproducts that contribute to the chemical composition and sensorial properties of the fermented foodstuffs. Alcoholic fermentation is the basis for the manufacturing of alcoholic beverages such as wine and beer. Control of fermentation is generally considered as a prerequisite to determine the quality of the final product. In this context, fermentation monitoring is a growing need, which calls for fast, low-cost, and nondestructive methods providing real-time or online information in order to assure an effective control at all stages of the process. In this chapter, after a brief description of the main aspects of the alcoholic fermentation, an overview on the applicability of the electronic nose and the electronic tongue to the alcoholic fermentation monitoring has been presented and discussed.

Under anaerobic conditions, the pyruvate can be transformed to ethanol, where it first converts into a midway molecule called acetaldehyde, which further releases carbon dioxide, and acetaldehyde is converted into ethanol. In alcoholic fermentation, the electron acceptor called NAD + is reduced to form NADH. The exchange of electrons that occurs in the process helps to build ATP

coming soon…

Advantages of biogas:

• It is a cheap, safe and renewable source of energy.
• It burns with a blue flame and without the production of smoke.
• It can be used in homes for lighting and cooking.
• It can be used in small-scale industries and for powering street lights.
• It improves sanitation in the region.
• It is easy to produce and store, is eco-friendly, and causes no pollution.

Pusa Gaurav, Pusa Sawni, and Pusa A-4 are insect-resistant crop varieties.

No	Antibiotic	Microbial source
1	Chloromycetin	Streptomyces venezuelae
2	Erythromycin	Streptomyces erythreus
3	Penicillin	Penicillium chrysogenum
4	Streptomycin	Streptomyces griseus

 

The branched vesicles forming the arbuscles of endomycorrhizae is known as VAM.