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Question 12 Marks
Suppose that 90% of people are right-handed. What is the probability that at most of 6 of a random sample of 10 people are right-handed?
Answer
p = $\frac{90}{100}=\frac{9}{10}$ and q = 1 - p = 1 - $\frac{9}{10}=\frac{1}{10}$

n = 10

P (at most 6 successes) = 1 – [P (X = 7) + P (X = 8) + P (X = 9) + P (X = 10)]

= 1 – $\left[ {{}^{10}{C_7}{{\left( {\frac{9}{{10}}} \right)}^7}{{\left( {\frac{1}{{10}}} \right)}^3} + {}^{10}{C_8}{{\left( {\frac{9}{{10}}} \right)}^8}{{\left( {\frac{1}{{10}}} \right)}^2} + {}^{10}{C_9}{{\left( {\frac{9}{{10}}} \right)}^9}\left( {\frac{1}{{10}}} \right) + {}^{10}{C_{10}}{{\left( {\frac{9}{{10}}} \right)}^{10}}} \right]$

= 1 - $\sum\limits_{r = 7}^{10} {{}^{10}{C_r}{{(0.9)}^r}{{(0.1)}^{10 - r}}} $

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Question 22 Marks
A couple has two children, find the probability that both children are females, if it is known that the elder child is a female.
Answer
A Couple has two children,
Let boy be denoted by b & girl be denoted by g
Let's define events;
C : Both children are female.
D : Elder child is female.
$\therefore$ C = {(g, g)}
P(C) = $\frac{1}{4}$
And, D = {(g, b), (g, g)}
P(D) = $\frac{2}{4}$
$P(C \cap D) = \frac14$
Hence, P(C|D) = $\frac{P(C \cap D)}{P(D)}$
= $\frac{\frac{1}{4}}{\frac{2}{4}}$
= $\frac{1}{2}$
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Question 32 Marks
A couple has two children, find the probability that both children are males, if it is known that at least one of the children is male.
Answer
Given that, a couple has two children. Let boy and girl be denoted by 'b' and 'g' respectively
So, Sample space, S = {(b, b), (b, g), (g, b), (g, g)}
Now, Let's define events;
A : Both children are male.
B : At least one of the children is male.
Thus, we have;
A $\cap$ B = {(b, b)}
P(A $\cap$ B) = $\frac{1}{4}$
P(A) = $\frac{1}{4}$
P(B) = $\frac{3}{4}$
Hence, $P(A | B)=\frac{P(A \cap B)}{P(B)}$
= $\frac{\frac{1}{4}}{\frac{3}{4}}$ = $\frac{1}{3}$
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Question 42 Marks
A and B are two events such that P (A) $\ne$ 0. Find P(B|A), if A is a subset of B.
Answer
Given two events A and B where P(A) $\ne$ 0 and $A \subset B$
We have, $A \cap B=A$
$\therefore P(A \cap B)=P(B \cap A)=P(A)$
Hence, $P(B | A)=\frac{P(B \cap A)}{P(A)}$
= $\frac{P(A)}{P(A)}$
= 1
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Question 52 Marks
Two groups are competing for the position on the Board of directors of a corporation. The probabilities that the first and the second groups will win are $0.6$ and $0.4$ respectively. Further, if the first group wins, the probability of introducing a new product is $0.7$ and the corresponding probability if $0.3$, if the second group wins. Find the probability that the new product introduced was by the second group.
Answer
Given: $P (G_1) = 0.6, P (G_2) = 0.4$
Let $P$ denotes the launching of new product.
$\therefore P(P|G_1) = 0.7, P(P|G_2) = 0.3$
$P(G_1|P) =\frac{{P\left( {{G_2}} \right)P\left( {P|{G_2}} \right)}}{{P\left( {{G_1}} \right)P\left( {P|{G_1}} \right) + P\left( {{G_2}} \right)P\left( {P|{G_2}} \right)}}$ = $\frac{{0.4 \times 0.3}}{{0.6 \times 0.7 + 0.4 \times 0.3}} = \frac{{12}}{{54}} = \frac{2}{9}$
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Question 62 Marks
An insurance company insured $2000$ scooter drivers, $4000$ car drivers and $6000$ truck drivers. The probability of an accidents are $0.01, 0.03$ and $0.15$ respectively. One of the insured persons meet with an accident. What is the probability that he is a scooter driver?
Answer
$E_1 :$ Insured person is a scooter driver
$E_2:$ Insured person is a car driver
$E_3 :$ Insured person is a truck driver
$P(E_1) = \frac{{2000}}{{2000 + 4000 + 6000}} = \frac{{2000}}{{12000}} = \frac{1}{6}$
$P(E_2) = \frac{1}{3}$
$P(E_3) = \frac{1}{2}$
Let A insured per son meets with an accident
$P\left( {\frac{A}{{{E_1}}}} \right)   = 0.01 =   \frac{1}{{100}}$
$P\left( {\frac{A}{{{E_2}}}} \right)  = 0.03 =   \frac{3}{{100}}$
$P\left( {\frac{A}{{{E_3}}}} \right)  = 0.15 =   \frac{{15}}{{100}}$
$P\left( {\frac{A}{{{E_1}}}} \right) = \frac{{P({E_1})P\left( {\frac{A}{{{E_1}}}} \right)}}{{P({E_1})P\left( {\frac{A}{{{E_1}}}} \right) + P({E_2})P\left( {\frac{A}{{{E_2}}}} \right) + P({E_3})P\left( {\frac{A}{{{E_3}}}} \right)}}$
$ = \frac{{\frac{1}{6} \times \frac{1}{{100}}}}{{\frac{1}{6} \times \frac{1}{{100}} + \frac{1}{3} \times \frac{3}{{100}} + \frac{1}{2} \times \frac{{15}}{{100}}}}$
$ = \frac{1}{{52}}$
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Question 72 Marks
There are three coins. One is a two headed coin (having head on both faces), another is a biased coin that comes up heads $75\%$ of the time and third is an unbiased coin. One of the three coins is chosen at random and tossed, it shows heads, what is the probability that it was the two headed coin?
Answer
Let $E_1$: Two headed coin,
$E_2$ : Biased coin
and $E_3$ : Unbiased coin.
Let A : Coin shows head.
Then $P (E_1) = P (E_2) = P (E_3) = \frac{1}{3}$
As the two-headed coin has head on both sides so it will show head only.
Also P($\frac{A}{E_1}$) = P (correct answer given that he knows) = 1
And P($\frac{A}{E_2}$) = P (coin shows head given that the coin is biased) = 75% = $\frac{75}{100}=\frac{3}{4}$
And P($\frac{A}{E_3}$) = P (coin shows head given that the coin is unbiased) = $\frac{1}{2}$
Now the probability that the coin is two headed, being given that it shows head, is P($\frac{E_1}{A}$).
By using Bayes’ theorem, we have:
$\mathrm{P}\left(\mathrm{E}_{1} | \mathrm{A}\right)=\frac{\mathrm{P}\left(\mathrm{E}_{1}\right) \cdot \mathrm{P}\left(\mathrm{A} | \mathrm{E}_{1}\right)}{\mathrm{P}\left(\mathrm{E}_{1}\right) \cdot \mathrm{P}\left(\mathrm{A} | \mathrm{E}_{1}\right)+\mathrm{P}\left(\mathrm{E}_{2}\right) \cdot \mathrm{P}\left(\mathrm{A} | \mathrm{E}_{2}\right)+\mathrm{P}\left(\mathrm{E}_{3}\right) \cdot \mathrm{P}\left(\mathrm{A} | \mathrm{E}_{3}\right)}$
= $\frac{\frac{1}{3} \cdot 1}{\frac{1}{3} \cdot 1+\frac{1}{3} \cdot \frac{3}{4}+\frac{1}{3} \cdot \frac{1}{2}}$
= $\frac{\frac{1}{3}}{\frac{1}{3}\left(1+\frac{3}{4}+\frac{1}{2}\right)}$
= $\frac{\frac{1}{9}}{\frac{9}{4}}=\frac{4}{9}$
$\therefore $ P($\frac{E_1}{A}$) = $\frac{4}{9}$
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Question 82 Marks
In answering a question on a multiple choice test, a student either knows the answer or guesses. Let $\frac{3}{4}$ be the probability that he knows the answer and $\frac {1}{4}$ be the probability that he guesses. Assuming that a student who guesses at the answer will be correct with probability $\frac{1}{4}$. What is the probability that the student knows the answer given that he answered it correctly?
Answer
Let $E_1$ : the student knows the answer, then, $P(E_1) = \frac{3}{4}$
$E_2$ : the student guesses the answer, then, $P(E_2) = \frac{1}{4}$
Let A: the answer is correct.
$P(\frac {A}{{E_1}}) $ = 1, $P(\frac {A}{{E_2}}) = \frac{1}{4}$
Hence, by Baye's theorm, we have,
$P(\frac {E_1}{A}) = \frac{{P({E_1})P(A/{E_1})}}{{P({E_1})P(A/{E_1}) + P({E_2})P(A/{E_2})}}$
$ = \frac{{1 \times \frac{3}{4}}}{{1 \times \frac{3}{4} + \frac{1}{4} \times \frac{1}{4}}} = \frac{{12}}{{13}}$
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Question 92 Marks
Suppose a girl throws a die. If she gets a $5$ or $6$, she tosses a coin three times and notes the number of heads. If she gets $1, 2, 3$ or $4$, she tosses a coin once and notes whether a head or tail is obtained. If she obtained exactly one head, what is the probability that she threw $1, 2, 3$ or $4$ with the die?
Answer
$E_1 : 1, 2, 3, 4$ is shown on dice
$E_2 : 5$ or $6$ is shown on dice
$P(E_1) =  \frac{4}{6} = \frac{2}{3}, P(E_2) =  \frac{2}{6} = \frac{1}{3}$
Let, A exactly one head shown up
$P(\frac {A}{{E_1}}) = \frac{1}{2},P(\frac {A}{{E_2}}) = \frac{3}{8}$
$P(\frac {{E_1}}{A}) = \frac{{P({E_1})P(A/{E_1})}}{{P({E_1})P(A/{E_1}) + P({E_2})P(A/{E_2})}} = \frac{8}{{11}}$
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Question 102 Marks
If A and B are two events such that P (A) = $\frac{1}{4}$, P (B) = $\frac{1}{2}$ and $P\left( {A \cap B} \right) = \frac{1}{8}$, find P(not A and not B).
Answer
P (A) = $\frac{1}{4}$, P (B) = $\frac{1}{2},P(A \cap B) = \frac{1}{8}$
P (not A) = 1 – P (A) = $1 - \frac{1}{4} = \frac{3}{4}$
P (not B) = 1 – P (B) = $1 - \frac{1}{2} = \frac{1}{2}$
Now, P (A). P (B) $ = \frac{1}{4} \times \frac{1}{2} = \frac{1}{8}$
$\therefore P(A \cap B)$ = P (A).P (B)
Thus, A and B are independent events.
Therefore, ‘not A’ and ‘not B’ are independent events.
Hence, P (not A and not B) = P (not A). P (not B)
$ = \frac{3}{4} \times \frac{1}{2} = \frac{3}{8}$
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Question 112 Marks
Let E and F be events with P (E) = $\frac{3}{5}$, P (F) = $\frac{3}{{10}}$ and $P(E \cap F)$ = $\frac{1}{5}$. Are E and F independent?
Answer
Given, P (E) = $\frac{3}{5}$ and P (F) = $\frac{3}{{10}}$
$\therefore P\left( {E \cap F} \right) = \frac{1}{5}$
Now P (E). P (F) = $\frac{3}{5} \times \frac{3}{{10}} = \frac{9}{{50}}$
$ \Rightarrow P\left( {E \cap F} \right) \ne $ P (E).P (F)
Therefore, E and F are not independent events.
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Question 122 Marks
A die marked 1, 2, 3 in red and 4, 5, 6 in green is tossed. Let A be the event the number is even, and B be the event the number is red. Are A and B independent?
Answer
S = $\left\{ {\frac{{1,2,3}}{{red}}\frac{{4,5,6}}{{green}}} \right\}$ $ \Rightarrow n(s)$ = 6
The number is even = A = {2, 4, 6} $ \Rightarrow n(A)$ = 3
P (A) = $\frac{{n\left( A \right)}}{{n\left( S \right)}} = \frac{3}{6} = \frac{1}{2}$
The number is red = B = $\left\{ {\frac{{1,2,3}}{{red}}} \right\} \Rightarrow n(B)$ = 3
P (B) = $\frac{{n(B)}}{{n(B)}} = \frac{3}{6} = \frac{1}{2}$
$\left( {A \cap B} \right)$ = {2} $ \Rightarrow $$n\left( {A \cap B} \right)$ = 1
$\therefore $ $\frac{{n(A \cap B)}}{{n(s)}} = \frac{1}{6}$
$\Rightarrow$ P(A $\cap$ B) = $\frac{1}{6}$
Now P (A). P (B) = $\frac{1}{2} \times \frac{1}{2} = \frac{1}{4}$
Therefore, $P(A \cap B) \ne $ P (A). P (B), i.e., A and B are not independent.
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Question 132 Marks
A Box of oranges is inspected by examining three randomly selected oranges drawn without replacement. If all the three oranges are good, the box is approved for sale, other wise, it is rejected. Find the probability that a box containing 15 oranges out of which 12 are good and 3 are bad ones will be approved for sale.
Answer
Let A, B, and C be the respective events that the first, second, and third drawn oranges good.
Therefore,probability that first drawn orange is good = P(A) = $\frac{12}{15}$.
The oranges are not replaced. Therefore,probability of getting second orange good = P(B) = $\frac{11}{14}$ .
Similarly, probability of getting third orange good = P(C) = $\frac{10}{13}$
The box is approved for sale if all the three oranges are good.
$\therefore$ Required probability $ = \frac{{12}}{{15}} \times \frac{{11}}{{14}} \times \frac{{10}}{{13}}$$=\frac{44}{91}$
$$
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Question 142 Marks
Two cards are drawn at random and without replacement from a pack of 52 playing cards. Find the probability that both the cards are black.
Answer
S = 52 cards
$ \Rightarrow $ n(s) = 52
Two cards are drawn without replacement.
A = {x: x is a black card}
$ \Rightarrow $ n(A) = 26
P (A) = $\frac{{26}}{{52}}$
And P (B) i.e., probability that second card is black known that first card is black = $\frac{{25}}{{51}}$
P (A and B) = P (A). P (B) = $\frac{{26}}{{52}} \times \frac{{25}}{{51}} = \frac{1}{2} \times \frac{{25}}{{51}} = \frac{{25}}{{102}}$.

Which is the required solution.

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Question 152 Marks
A die is tossed thrice. Find the probability of getting an odd number at least once.
Answer
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} $\Rightarrow $ n(s) = 6
Let A represents an odd number.
$\therefore $ A = {1, 3, 5} $\Rightarrow $ n(A) = 3
$P (A) = \frac{{n(A)}}{{n(S)}} = \frac{3}{6} = \frac{1}{2}$
${\text{P}}\left( {\bar A} \right) = 1 - P(A) = 1 - \frac{1}{2} = \frac{1}{2}$
n = 3
Now P (at least one success) = 1 - P (an odd number on none of the three dice)
$= 1 - {\left( {\frac{1}{2}} \right)^3} = 1 - \frac{1}{8} = \frac{7}{8}$
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Question 162 Marks
Events A and B are such that P(A) = $\frac{1}{2}$, P(B) = $\frac{7}{{12}}$ and P(not A or not B) = $\frac{1}{4}$. State whether A and B are independent?
Answer
$P(\overline A \cup \overline B ) = 1 - P(A \cap B) \Rightarrow \frac{1}{4} = 1 - P(A \cap B)$
$P\left( {\bar A \cap \bar B} \right) = 1 - \frac{1}{4} = \frac{3}{4}$
P (A) = $\frac{1}{2}$ and P (B) = $\frac{1}{{12}}$
P (A). P (B) = $\frac{1}{2} \times \frac{7}{{12}} = \frac{7}{{24}}$
Therefore, $P\left( {A \cap B} \right) \ne $ $P(A) \cdot P(B)$, i.e., A and B are not independent.
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Question 172 Marks
If P (A) = $\frac{3}{5}$ and P (B) = $\frac{1}{5}$ find P ($A \cap B$) if A and B are independent events.
Answer
As, A and B are independent events.

Therefore, $P(A \cap B)$ = P (A). P (B)= $\frac{3}{5} \times \frac{1}{5} = \frac{3}{{25}}$

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Question 182 Marks
Determine P(E|F): Mother, father and son line up at random for a family picture E: Son on one end, F: Father in middle
Answer
Let m,f and s denote respectively the mother,the father and the son,then sample space S is
S = {mfs, msf, fms, fsm, smf, sfm}
E = {mfs, fms, smf, sfm}
F = {mfs, sfm}
$E \cap F $ = { mfs,sfm}
$P\left( {\frac{E}{F}} \right) = \frac{{P\left( {E \cap F} \right)}}{{P(F)}} = \frac{{\frac{2}{6}}}{{\frac{2}{6}}} = 1$
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Question 192 Marks
Determine P(E|F): A die is thrown three times, E : 4 appears on the third toss, F : 6 and 5 appears respectively on first two tosses.
Answer
Since a dice has six faces. Therefore $n\left( S \right)$ $ = 6 \times 6 \times 6 = 216$
E = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) x (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) x (4)
F = (6) x (5) x (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
$ \Rightarrow n\left( F \right)$ = 1 x 1 x 6 = 6
P (F) = $\frac{{n\left( F \right)}}{{n\left( S \right)}} = \frac{6}{{216}}$
$\therefore E \cap F$ = (6, 5, 4)
$n\left( {E \cap F} \right) $ = 1
$\therefore P\left( {E \cap F} \right) = \frac{{n\left( {E \cap F} \right)}}{{n\left( S \right)}} = \frac{1}{{216}}$
And $P\left( {E|F} \right) = \frac{{P\left( {E \cap F} \right)}}{{P\left( F \right)}} = \frac{{1/216}}{{6/216}} = \frac{1}{6}$
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Question 202 Marks
Evaluate ${P\left( {A \cup B} \right)}$ if 2P(A) = P (B) = $\frac{5}{{13}}$ and $P\left( {A|B} \right) = \frac{2}{5}$
Answer
Given: 2 P(A) = P (B) = $\frac{5}{{13}}$, $P\left( {A|B} \right) = \frac{2}{5}$
$\therefore $ P (A) = $\frac{5}{{26}}$
Now, $P\left( {A \cap B} \right) = P\left( {B|A} \right)$ . P (B) = $\frac{2}{5} \times \frac{5}{{13}} = \frac{2}{{13}}$
and $P\left( {A \cup B} \right)$ = P(A) + P (B) – $P\left( {A \cap B} \right)$ = $\frac{5}{{26}} + \frac{5}{{13}} - \frac{2}{{13}} = \frac{{11}}{{26}}$
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Question 212 Marks
Compute P(A|B), if P (B) = 0.5 and $P\left( {A \cap B} \right)$ = 0.32
Answer
Given: P (B) = 0.5, $P\left( {A \cap B} \right)$ = 0.32
$P\left( {A|B} \right) = \frac{{P\left( {A \cap B} \right)}}{{P\left( B \right)}} = \frac{{0.32}}{{0.50}} = \frac{{32}}{{50}} $ = 0.64
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Question 222 Marks
Consider the experiment of throwing a die, if a multiple of 3 comes up throw the die again and if any other number comes toss a coin. Find the conditional probability of the event the coin shows a tail, given that at least one die shows a 3.
Answer
S = {(3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6), (6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)
(1, H), (2, H), (3, H), (4, H), (5, H), (1, T), (2, T), (3, T), (4, T), (5, T)}
$\therefore $ n(S) = 20
P (first die shows a multiple of 3) = $\frac{{12}}{{36}} = \frac{1}{3}$
P (first die shows a number which is not a multiple of 3) = $\frac{4}{6} \times \frac{1}{2} + \frac{4}{6} \times \frac{1}{2} = \frac{8}{{12}} = \frac{2}{3}$
Let A = the coin shows a tail = {(1, T), (2, T), (4, T), (5, T)}
B = at least one die shows a 3 = {(3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6)}
$A \cap B = \phi $
n(A) = 4, n(B) = 6, $n\left( {A \cap B} \right) $ = 0
P(B) = $\frac{6}{{36}} = \frac{1}{6}$ and $P\left( {A \cap B} \right)$ = 0
$P\left( {A|B} \right) = \frac{{P\left( {A \cap B} \right)}}{{P\left( B \right)}} = \frac{0}{{\frac{6}{{36}}}} = 0$
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Question 232 Marks
Given that the two numbers appearing on throwing two dice are different. Find the probability of the event the sum of numbers on the dice is 4.
Answer
S = {(1, 1), (2, 1), (3, 1), (4, 1), (5, 1), (6, 1)
(1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 2), (4, 2), (5, 2), (6, 2)
(1, 3), (2, 3), (3, 3), (4, 3), (5, 3), (6, 3)
(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4), (4, 4), (5, 4), (6, 4)
(1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5), (4, 5), (5, 5), (6, 5)
(1, 6), (2, 6), (3, 6), (4, 6), (5, 6), (6, 6)}
$\therefore $ n(S) = 36
Let A represents the event “the sum of numbers on the dice is 4” and B represents the event “the two numbers appearing on throwing two dice are different”.
Therefore, A = {(1, 3), (2, 2), (3, 1)} $ \Rightarrow $ n(A) = 3
P (A) = $\frac{{n(A)}}{{n(S)}} = \frac{3}{{36}}$
Also B = {(2, 1), (3, 1), (4, 1), (5, 1), (6, 1), (1, 2), (3, 2), (4, 2), (5, 2), (6, 2),(1, 3),
(2, 3), (4, 3), (5, 3), (6, 3), (1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4), (5, 4), (6, 4),(1, 5), (2, 5),
(3, 5), (4, 5), (6, 5), (1, 6), (2, 6), (3, 6), (4, 6), (5, 6)}
$\therefore$ n(B) = 30
P (B) = $\frac{{n\left( B \right)}}{{n\left( S \right)}} = \frac{{30}}{{36}}$
Now $A \cap B$ = {(1, 3), (3, 1)}
$ \Rightarrow $ $n\left( {A \cap B} \right)$ = 2
$P(A \cap B)$ = $\frac{{n\left( {A \cap B} \right)}}{{n\left( S \right)}} = \frac{2}{{36}}$
Hence, $P\left( {A|B} \right) = \frac{{P\left( {A \cap B} \right)}}{{P\left( B \right)}}$
$= \frac{{\frac{2}{{36}}}}{{\frac{{30}}{{36}}}} = \frac{2}{{30}} = \frac{1}{{15}}$
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Question 242 Marks
An instructor has a question bank consisting of 300 easy True/False questions, 200 difficult True/False questions, 500 easy multiple choice questions and 400 difficult multiple choice questions. If a question is selected at random from the question bank, what is the probability that it will be an easy question given that it is a multiple choice question?
Answer
Let E: it is an easy question
F: it is a multiple choice question.
Total number of questions = 300 + 200 + 500 + 400 = 1400
$P(E\cap F)=\frac{500}{1400}$ and P(F) = $\frac{500+400}{1400}=\frac{9}{14} $
Hence, required probability = $ P\left( {\frac{E}{F}} \right)$ =$\frac{P(E\cap F)}{P(F)}=\frac{5/14}{9/14}=\frac{5}{9}$
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Question 252 Marks
Given that E and F are events such that P (E) = 0.6, P (F) = 0.3 and P$({E \cap F})$ = 0.2, find P(E|F) and P(F|E).
Answer
Given: P (E) = 0.6, P (F) = 0.3 and P$({E \cap F})$ = 0.2

$\therefore $ $P\left( {E|F} \right) = \frac{{P\left( {E \cap F} \right)}}{{P\left( F \right)}} = \frac{{0.2}}{{0.3}} = \frac{2}{3}$

And $P\left( {F|E} \right) = \frac{{P\left( {E \cap F} \right)}}{{P\left( E \right)}} = \frac{{0.2}}{{0.6}} = \frac{1}{3}$

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