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Biotechnology and its Applications — BIOLOGY STD 12 Science — Question

Gujarat BoardEnglish MediumSTD 12 ScienceBIOLOGYBiotechnology and its Applications4 Marks
Question
Describe: Genetic engineered insulin
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Answer

→ Insulin is produced by beta cells of pancreas.
→ Insulin plays important role in a sugar or carbohydrate metabolism.
→ Due to lack of insulin diabetes mellitus occurs in humans.
→ Insulin used for diabetes was earlier extracted from pancreas of slaughtered cattle and pigs.
→ Insulin from an animal source, though caused some patients to develop allergy or other types of reactions to the foreign protein.
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→ Insulin consists of two short polypeptide chains: chain A and chain B.
→ Polypeptide Chain A contains 21 amino acids and chain B contains 30 amino acids that are linked together by disulphide bridges.
→ In mammals, including humans, insulin is synthesised as a pro-hormone (like a pro-enzyme, the pro-hormone also needs to be processed before it becomes a fully mature and functional hormone) which contains an extra stretch called the C peptide.
→ This C peptide is not present in the mature insulin and is removed during maturation into insulin.
→ The main challenge for production of insulin using rDNA techniques was getting insulin assembled into a mature form.
→ In 1983, Eli Lilly an American company prepared two DNA sequences corresponding to A and B, chains of human insulin and introduced them in plasmids of E. coli to produce insulin chains.
→ Chains A and B were produced separately, extracted and combined by creating disulfide bonds to form human insulin.

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Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to (v) given below:

Tools used in the formation of recombinant DNA are of three types. These are enzymes, cloning vectors and competent host. lysing enzymes are used to extract DNA for experimental purpose from the cells. Cleaving enzymes break the DNA molecules. TI1ey are of three types : exonucleases, endonucleases and restriction endonucleases. A competent host is required for transformation with recombinant DNA and cloning vectors help to propagate DNA.

  1. Which of the following is an example of natural Iysing activity in a human body?
  1. Lysozyme present in tears dissolve the bacterial cell wall.
  2. Conversion of starch to maltose in the buccal cavity
  3. Absorption of digested food into the intestinal cells.
  4. Conversion of protein molecules into amino acids in the stomach.
  1. Which of the following depicts exonuclease activity?
  1.  

  1.  

  1.  

 

  1. All of these
  1. Cloning vectors are the DNA molecules that.
  1. Carry foreign DNA segment but do not replicate inside the host cell.
  2. Carry foreign DNA segment and replicate inside the host cell.
  3. Transfer nuclear DNA form nucleus to the cytoplasm of the same cells.
  4. Help in sealing gaps in DNA segments.
  1. Transfer of DNA into a eucaryotic cell is called:
  1. Transformation.
  2. Transduction.
  3. Transfection.
  4. Electroporation.
  1. Assertion: Type I restriction enzymes are not used in rDNA technology.

Reason: Biotechnology mostly involves cutting and pasting of desired DNA fragments.

  1. Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
  2. Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
  3. Assertion is true but reason is false.
  4. Both assertion and reason are false.
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Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to (v) given below:

Study the given table and answer the questions based on it.

 
Hormone
Source
Function
(A)
Oxytocin
W
Ejection of milk
(B)
X
Anterior lobe of pituitary gland
Stimulates secretion of ABP from Sertoli cells
(C)
Y
Placenta
Maintains corpus luteum to secrete progesterone
(D)
Relaxin
Ovary
Z
  1. Identify the hormones X and Y, respectively.
  1. Testosterone, FSH.
  2. LH, hPL.
  3. FSH, hCG.
  4. ICSH, hCG.
  1. W in the given table is:
  1. Hypothalamus.
  2. Posterior lobe of pituitary.
  3. Placenta.
  4. Ovary.
  1. Which of the following is correct for Z?
  1. Dilation of uterine cervix during labour pains.
  2. Stimulates the growth of the mammary glands during pregnancy.
  3. Supports the fetal growth and prevents desiccation.
  4. Forms protective plug in cervix of uterus during pregnancy.
  1. Which set of hormones is secreted only during pregnancy?
  1. Human chorionic gonadotropin, relax in and human placental lactogen.
  2. Human placental lactogen, estrogen and chorionic thyrotropin.
  3. Human chorionic gonadotropin, human placental lactogen and progesterone.
  4. Chorionic thyrotropin, chorionic gonadotropin and estrogen.
  1. Assertion: Follicle stimulating hormone controls the maintenance and functions of male reproductive organs.

Reason: FSH acts directly on spermatogonia to stimulate sperm production.

  1. Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
  2. Both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
  3. Assertion is true, but reason is false.
  4. Both assertion and reason are false.
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Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to (v) given below:

Growth of a population with time shows specific and predictable patterns. Two types of growth pattern of population are exponential and logistic growth. When resources in the habitat are unlimited each species has the ability to realise fully its innate potential to grow in number. Then the population grows in exponential fashion. When the resources are limited growth curve shows an initial slow rate and then it accelerates and finally slows giving the growth curve which is sigmoid.

  1. Which of the following statement is incorrect?
  1. Exponential growth occurs in organism such as lemmings.
  2. Logistic growth is more realistic.
  3. Exponential growth has two phases lag and log.
  4. ln logistic growth, population passes well beyond the carrying capacity of ecosystem.
  1. Which of the following equations correctly represents the exponential population growth curve?
  1. $\text{dN}/\text{dt}=\text{rN}$

  2. $\text{dN}/\text{dt}=\text{rN}\Big(\frac{\text{K-N}}{\text{K}}\Big)$

  3. $\text{N}_\text{t}=\text{N}_\text{o}\text{e}^\text{rt}$

  4. Both (a) and (c).
  1. Which of the following equations correctly represents Verhulst-Pearl logistic growth?
  1. $\text{dN}/\text{dt}=\text{rN}\Big(\frac{\text{K-N}}{\text{K}}\Big)$

  2. $\text{dN}/\text{dt}=\frac{\text{rN}}{\text{K}}$

  3. $\text{dN}/\text{dt}=\frac{\text{N}(\text{K}-\text{N})}{\text{K}}$

  4. $\text{dN}/\text{dt}=\frac{\text{r}(\text{K}-\text{N})}{\text{K}}$

  1. The population growth is generally described by the following equation:

$\frac{\text{dN}}{\text{dt}}=\text{rN}\Big(\frac{\text{K}-\text{N}}{\text{K}}\Big)$

What does 'r' represent in the given equation?

  1. Population density at time 't'.
  2. Intrinsic rate of natural increase.
  3. Carrying capacity.
  4. The base of natural logarithm.
  1. Study the population growth curves (A and B) in the given graph and select the incorrect option.

  1. Curve 'A: shows exponential growth, represented by equation $\frac{\text{dN}}{\text{dt}}=\text{rN}$.

  2. Curve 'B' shows logistic growth, represented by equation $\frac{\text{dN}}{\text{dt}}=\text{rN}\Big(\frac{\text{K}-\text{N}}{\text{K}}\Big)$

  3. Exponential growth curve is considered as more realistic than the logistic growth curve.
  4. Curve 'A' can also be represented by equation $\text{N}_\text{t}=\text{N}_\text{o}\text{e}^\text{rt}$.

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Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to (v) given below:

Over population causes number of family problems. Strategies like birth control methods help to control population explosion. Natural methods of birth control do not involve medications or devices to prevent pregnancy, but rather rely on behavioural practices and/ or making observations about menstrual cycle.

  1. Which method helps in contraception by temporary absence of sex?
  1. Coitus interruptus.
  2. Withdrawal method.
  3. Rhythm method.
  4. Lactational amenorrhea method.
  1. Assertion: The effectiveness of coitus interruptus method is limited.

Reason: Some sperms may pass into vagina before ejaculation.

  1. Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
  2. Both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
  3. Assertion is true, but reason is false.
  4. Both assertion and reason are false.
  1. Why is lactational amenorrhea effective for about 4-5 months after parturition?
  1. Ovulation occurs on about the 14th day of menstruation.
  2. Ovulation does not occur during intense lactation.
  3. This method inhibits mobility of sperms.
  4. Both (b) and (c).
  1. Which fact is not the basis of periodic absence method of birth control?
  1. Ovum remains alive for about 1-2 days.
  2. Ovulation occurs on about 14th day of menstruation.
  3. Sperms survive for about 3 days.
  4. Alteration in uterine endometrium.
  1. On which days of menstrual cycle should coitus be avoided to prevent fertilisation?
  1. 10-17
  2. 6-13
  3. 1-5
  4. 15-28
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Read the following and answer any four questions from 7(i) to 7(v) given below:

The vectors are DNA molecules that can carry a foreign DNA segment and replicate inside the host cell. Vectors may be plasmids, bacteriophages (viruses that attack bacteria), cosmids, yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs), Bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) and viruses. The most widely used, versatile, easily manipulated vector pBR 322 is an ideal plasmid vector. Features that are required to facilitate cloning into a vector includes origin of replication (Ori) which is a specific sequence of DNA bases responsible for initiating replication, selectable marker genes and cloning sites

  1. Pin pBR 322 denotes that it is a:
  1. plasmid
  2. prokaryote
  3. protist
  4. plant cell.
  1. Ori is a specific DNA sequence that help in.
  1. Attachment of primers.
  2. Initiation of replication.
  3. Extension of DNA base.
  4. Initiation of denaturation.
  1. A and B shown in the figure respectively indicates:

  1. Pvu II and Cla I.
  2. ROP and Sal I.
  3. ampR and tetR.
  4. tetR and ampR.
  1. Selectable markers in vector,
  1. Are responsible for replication.
  2. Help in selecting transformants from non-transform ants.
  3. Code for proteins involved in the replicating plasmids.
  4. Contain unique recognition sites.
  1.  Plasmid vectors are:
  1. dsDNA molecule
  2. Extra-chromosomal
  3. Present in bacteria and yeast
  4. All of these.
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