Question
Explain Crystal field splitting theory
✓
Answer
$\rightarrow$ The Crystal Field Theory $ \text{(CFT)}$ is an electrostatic model which considers the metal$-$ligand bond to be ionic arising purely from electrostatic interactions between the metal ion and the ligand.
$\rightarrow$ Ligands are treated as point charges in case of anions or point dipoles in case of neutral molecules.
$\rightarrow$ The five d orbitals in an isolated gaseous metal atom/ion have same energy, i.e., they are degenerate.
$\rightarrow$ This degeneracy is maintained if a spherically symmetrical field of negative charges surrounds the metal atom/ion.
$\rightarrow$ However, when this negative field is due to ligands $($either anions or the negative ends of dipolar molecules like $NH_3$ and $H_2O)$ in a complex, it becomes asymmetrical and the degeneracy of the d orbitals is lifted.
$\rightarrow$ It results in splitting of the d orbitals.
$\rightarrow$ The pattern of splitting depends upon the nature of the crystal field.
$\rightarrow$ Ligands are treated as point charges in case of anions or point dipoles in case of neutral molecules.
$\rightarrow$ The five d orbitals in an isolated gaseous metal atom/ion have same energy, i.e., they are degenerate.
$\rightarrow$ This degeneracy is maintained if a spherically symmetrical field of negative charges surrounds the metal atom/ion.
$\rightarrow$ However, when this negative field is due to ligands $($either anions or the negative ends of dipolar molecules like $NH_3$ and $H_2O)$ in a complex, it becomes asymmetrical and the degeneracy of the d orbitals is lifted.
$\rightarrow$ It results in splitting of the d orbitals.
$\rightarrow$ The pattern of splitting depends upon the nature of the crystal field.
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