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Organic Chemistry: Some Basic Principles and Techniques — Chemistry STD 11 Science — Question

Gujarat BoardEnglish MediumSTD 11 ScienceChemistryOrganic Chemistry: Some Basic Principles and Techniques5 Marks
Question
Explain the terms Inductive and Electromeric effects. Which electron displacement effect explains the following correct orders of acidity of the carboxylic acids?
  1. $Cl_3CCOOH > Cl_2CHCOOH > ClCH_2COOH$.
  2. $CH_3CH_2COOH > (CH_3)_2CHCOOH > (CH_3)_3C.COOH$.
✓

Answer

Inductive Effect: The inductive effect refers to the polarity produced in a molecule as a result of higher electronegativity of one atom compared to another.Atoms or groups which lose electron towards a carbon atom are said to have +1 Effect.
Those atoms or groups which draw electron away from a carbon atom are said to have -I Effect.
Common examples of -I effect are:
$NO_2, F, Cl, Br, I, OH$ etc.
Examples of +1 effect are (Electron releasing)
$(CH_3)_2C- , (CH_3)_2CH-, CH_3CH_2- CH_3-$ etc.
Electromeric effect: The electromeric effect refers to the polarity produced in a multiple bonded compound as it is approached by a reagent.

The atom A has lost its share in the electron pair and B has gained this share.
As a result A acquires a positive charge and B a negative charge. It is a temporary effect and takes place only in the presence of a reagent.
  1. -I-effect as shown below: As the number of halogen atoms decreases, the overall -I- effect decreases and the acid strength decreases accordingly.
  1. +I-effect as shown below: As the number of alkyl groups increases, the +I-effect increases and the acid strength decreases accordingly.

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