Question
Explain the various uses of lanthanoids.

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Benzene and toluene form ideal solution over the entire range of composition. The vapour pressure of pure benzene and toluene at 300 K are 50.71 mm Hg and 32.06 mm Hg respectively. Calculate the mole fraction of benzene in vapour phase if 80 g of benzene is mixed with 100 g of toluene.
Explain Kohlrausch's law of independent migration of ions. Mention the application of Kohlrausch's law.
Using crystal field theory, draw energy level diagram, write electronic configuration of the central metal atom/ion and determine the magnetic moment value in the following:
  1. $[\text{CoF}_6]^{3-}, [\text{Co(H}_2\text{O})_6]^{2+}, [\text{Co(CN)}_6]^{3-}$
  2. $[\text{FeF}_6]^{3-}, [\text{Fe(H}_2\text{O})_6]^{2+}, [\text{Fe(CN})_6]^{4-}$
(a) Differentiate between
a. Nucleotide and Nucleoside
b. Amylose and Amylopectin
(b) Write a reaction which shows that all the carbon atoms in glucose are linked in a straight chain.
(c) Write two differences between DNA and RNA.
(d) Amino acids can be classified as $\alpha-, \beta-, \gamma-, \delta-$ and so on depending upon the relative position of the amino group with respect to the carboxyl group. Which type of amino acids forms a polypeptide chain in proteins?
(e) What are any two good sources of vitamin A?
(f) What is anomeric carbon?
(g) What is the difference between a glycosidic linkage and a peptide linkage?
write the classification of amino acids and give examples of each.
Explain the general characteristics of actinoids in the following terms:
(i) Physical properties
(ii) Chemical reactivity
(iii) Magnetic properties
(iv) Ionization enthalpy.
Explain the cyclic structure of glucose.
  1. The elements of $3d$ transition series are given as:
$\ce{Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn}$
Answer the following:
  1. Which element has the highest $m.p.$ and why?
  2. Which element is a strong oxidising agent in $+3$ oxidation state and why?
  3. Which element is soft and why?
  1. Write the equations involved in the preparation of Potassium dichromate from Sodium chromate $(Na_2CrO_4).$
Write IUPAC names of the following compounds and classify them into primary, secondary and tertiary amines.
1. $\left( CH _3\right)_2 CHNH _2$
2. $CH _3\left( CH _2\right)_2 NH _2$
3. $CH _3 NHCH \left( CH _3\right)_2$
4. $\left( CH _3\right)_3 CNH _2$
5. $C _6 H _5 NHCH _3$
  1. What is meant by:
  1. Colligative properties.
  2. Molality of a solution.
  1. What concentration of nitrogen should be present in a glass of water at room temperature ? Assume a temperature of $25^\circ C,$ a total pressure of $1$ atmosphere and mole fraction of nitrogen in air of $0.78. [K_H $ for nitrogen $= 8.42 x 10^{–7}\ M/mm\ Hg].$