Question
Explain with diagrams $: i. sp^3$ hybridization $ii. sp^2$ hybridization $iii. sp$ hybridization
✓
Answer
$i. sp^3$ hybridization:
In this type, one $s$ and three $p$ orbitals having comparable energy mix and recast to form four $sp^3$ hybrid orbitals, $‘s \ ’$ orbital is spherically symmetrical while the $p_x, p_y, p_z,$ orbitals have two lobes and are directed along $x, y \ and \ z$ axes, respectively.
The four $sp^3$ hybrid orbitals formed are equivalent in energy and shape. They have one large lobe and one small lobe. They are at an angle of $109^\circ 28′$ with each other in space and point towards the comers of a tetrahedron. $CH_4, NH_3, H_2O$ are examples where the orbitals on central atom undergo $sp^3$ hybridization.
Diagram:
$ii. sp^2$ hybridization:
This hybridization involves the mixing of one $s$ and two $p$ orbitals to give three $sp^2$ hybrid orbitals of same energy and shape. The three orbitals are maximum apart and oriented at an angle of $120^\circ$ and are in one plane. The third $p$ orbital does not participate in hybridization and remains at right angles to the plane of the $sp^2$ hybrid orbitals. $BF_3, C_2H_4$ molecules are examples of $sp^2$ hybridization.
Diagram:
$iii. sp$ hybridization:
In this type, one $s$ and one $p$ orbital undergo mixing and recasting to form two $sp$ hybrid orbitals of same energy and shape. The two hybrid orbitals are placed at an angle of $180^\circ.$ Other two $p$ orbitals do not participate in hybridization and are at right angles to the hybrid orbitals. For example, $BeCl_2$ and acetylene molecule $(HC ≡ CH).$
Diagram:
In this type, one $s$ and three $p$ orbitals having comparable energy mix and recast to form four $sp^3$ hybrid orbitals, $‘s \ ’$ orbital is spherically symmetrical while the $p_x, p_y, p_z,$ orbitals have two lobes and are directed along $x, y \ and \ z$ axes, respectively.
The four $sp^3$ hybrid orbitals formed are equivalent in energy and shape. They have one large lobe and one small lobe. They are at an angle of $109^\circ 28′$ with each other in space and point towards the comers of a tetrahedron. $CH_4, NH_3, H_2O$ are examples where the orbitals on central atom undergo $sp^3$ hybridization.
Diagram:
$ii. sp^2$ hybridization:
This hybridization involves the mixing of one $s$ and two $p$ orbitals to give three $sp^2$ hybrid orbitals of same energy and shape. The three orbitals are maximum apart and oriented at an angle of $120^\circ$ and are in one plane. The third $p$ orbital does not participate in hybridization and remains at right angles to the plane of the $sp^2$ hybrid orbitals. $BF_3, C_2H_4$ molecules are examples of $sp^2$ hybridization.
Diagram:
$iii. sp$ hybridization:
In this type, one $s$ and one $p$ orbital undergo mixing and recasting to form two $sp$ hybrid orbitals of same energy and shape. The two hybrid orbitals are placed at an angle of $180^\circ.$ Other two $p$ orbitals do not participate in hybridization and are at right angles to the hybrid orbitals. For example, $BeCl_2$ and acetylene molecule $(HC ≡ CH).$
Diagram:
Need a full question paper?
Generate a complete, print-ready paper with questions like this in minutes — across 16+ boards, with answer keys.
Explore more
Similar questions
Explain Fajan’s rule with suitable examples.
Assign oxidation number to each element in the following compounds or ions.
$i. KMnO_4 \ \ \ ii. K_2Cr_2O_7 \ \ \ iii.Ca_3(PO_4)_2$
→$i. KMnO_4 \ \ \ ii. K_2Cr_2O_7 \ \ \ iii.Ca_3(PO_4)_2$
Explain the formation of boron trifluoride on the basis of hybridization.
Give the rules of VSEPR Theory.
Differentiate between aromatic and aliphatic compounds.
Outer electronic configurations of a few elements are given below. Explain them and identify the period, group and block in the periodic table to which they belong.
$_2He: 1s^2, _{54}Xe: 5s^25p^6, _{16}S: 3s^23p^4, _{79}Au: 6s^15d^{10}$
→$_2He: 1s^2, _{54}Xe: 5s^25p^6, _{16}S: 3s^23p^4, _{79}Au: 6s^15d^{10}$
Arrange the following bonds in decreasing order of bond strength $: C-N, C=N, C≡N$
→Describe the steps involved in balancing redox reactions by ion electron method $($Half reaction method$).$
→Explain the types of covalent bond with suitable examples.
In a chemical laboratory, Priyal was asked to isolate an organic compound from its aqueous solution. She added ethyl acetate to the given sample, separated the organic layer and kept it for evaporation. At the end of her practical, Priyal found few crystals in the beaker which she kept for evaporation. Answer the following questions:
i. In the above passage, which method was used by Priyal for separation? State its principle.
ii. Why do you think the organic compound dissolved in ethyl acetate?
iii. Illustrate the method of separation used in the passage with an example.
i. In the above passage, which method was used by Priyal for separation? State its principle.
ii. Why do you think the organic compound dissolved in ethyl acetate?
iii. Illustrate the method of separation used in the passage with an example.