\(\mathrm{Ti}-3 d^{2} 4 s^{2} \rightarrow \mathrm{Ti}^{4+}-3 d^{0} 4 s^{0}\)
\(\mathrm{Cu}-3 d^{10} 4 s^{1} \rightarrow \mathrm{Cu}^{+}-3 d^{10} 4 s^{0}\)
$\left[\mathrm{V}\left(\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}\right)_6\right]^{3+},\left[\mathrm{Cr}\left(\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}\right)_6\right]^{2+},\left[\mathrm{Fe}\left(\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}\right)_6\right]^{3+},\left[\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}\right)_6\right]^{3+},\left[\mathrm{Cu}\left(\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}\right)_6\right]^{2+}$
[ આપેલ પરમાણુ ક્રમાંક : $\mathrm{V}=23, \mathrm{Cr}=24, \mathrm{Fe}=26, \mathrm{Ni}=28 \mathrm{Cu}=29$ ]
$(I)\, d^3\,\,\, (II)\, d^5 \,\,\,(III)\, d^6 \,\,\,(IV)\, d^8$