Biotechnology: Principles and Processes — BIOLOGY STD 12 Science — Question

Genetic engineering is a manipulation of genetic material in vitro. It involves the techniques to alter the chemistry of genetic material (DNA and RNA), to introduce the host organisms and thereby change the phenotype of the host organism.
Steps of DNA technology are:

1. Isolation of DNA.
2. Fragmentation of DNA by restriction endonucleases.
3. Isolation of the desired DNA fragments.
4. Amplification of the gene of interest.
5. Ligation of the DNA fragment into the vector using DNA ligase.
6. Transfer of the recombinant DNA into the host.
7. Culturing the host cell on a suitable medium on a large scale.
8. Extraction of the desired product.
9. Downstream processing of the products as finished products.