Psychology 3 Marks Question

Like the brain, the culture in which we have been brought up also influences our listening and learning abilities. Asian cultures, such as India, emphasise on listening by being a silent communicator when receiving messages from seniors or elders. Some cultures focus on controlling attention. Buddhism, for instance, has a notion called ‘mindfulness’. This means devoting your complete attention to whatever you are doing. Training in ‘mindfulness’ which starts in childhood can help to develop longer attention spans and therefore, lead not only to better listening but also to sympathetic listening.

Components of human communication:

• Involves (source) the sender & the receiver.
• Sender encodes getting an idea, giving some meaning, framing in message form and sending it.
• Receiver decodes (translating the message in understandable form.
• Message is influenced by noise, length of material, artifacts, channel etc.
• It includes verbal and non-verbal language.

Alternate Answer
Components of human communication:

• Speaking with the use of language.
• Effective communicator must know how to use correct language appropriately within a relevant context and avoid slang.
• Listening is an important skill. It may appear passive as it involves silence though it is an active process involving patience & being non-judgemental yet having the capacity to analyse & respond.
• It includes various aspects of listening like reception, attention, assigning meaning, role and listeners response to message. Marks to be given for both the process and components.

Components of human communication:

1. Involves (source) the sender & the receiver.
2. Sender encodes getting an idea, giving some meaning, framing in message form and sending it.
3. Receiver decodes translating the message in understandable form.
4. Message is influenced by noise, length of material, artifacts, channel etc.
5. It includes verbal and non-verbal language.

Listening may appear to be passive as it involves silence but it is an active process:

1. It requires a person to be attentive.
2. S/he should be patient, non-judgemental and yet have the capacity to analyse and respond.
3. Hearing and listening are interlinked. Hearing is a biological activity that involves reception of a message. It is only a part of listening, a process that involves reception, attention, assignment of meaning and listener’s response to the message presented.

Skills of communication:

1. Speaking.
2. Active listening.
3. Body language.

Difference between interpersonal and intrapersonal communication:
Intrapersonal communication.
Intrapersonal communication with oneself. It encompasses such activities as thought process, personal decision making and focussing on self.
Interpersonal communication.
Interpersonal communication refers to the communication that takes place between two or more persons who establish a communicative relationship.
Interpersonal communication includes:

• Face to face conversation or mediated conversation.
• Interviews.
• Small group discussions, etc.

Encoding - Is a component of human communication. When we communicate, we encode (i.e. take ideas, give them meaning and put them into message forms) and send the idea through a channel.

• Composed of our primary signal system based on our senses (i.e. seeing, hearing, tasting, smelling and touching).
• Encoded message is sent to the receiver by using primary signal system.

Paraphrasing in human communications
It is a form of feedback to know whether someone has listened to and understood the speaker or not.
The matter spoken by speaker is summarised by the listener and restated and he need not repeat the exact words. He provides a restatement of what he understands. This is called paraphrasing.
It allows one to understand how much She/He understood of what was communicated. If someone can not repeat or write down a summary of what was said, then She/He probably did not get the whole message or did not understand it.

A psychologist may begin with carefully scrutinising the physical setting in order to capture its “atmosphere”.
A psychologist actively engages in observing people and their actions, include the demographic features (age, gender etc) ways of dealing and relating with others.
Alternate Answer

• Observe patiently.
• Attention to physical surroundings.
• Aware of people’s reactions, emotions and motivations.
• Ask questions.
• Optimistic curiosity.
• Be ethical.

Counselle-Counsellor relationship:- Positive regard for others is freedom of expression-acceptance of ideas that feelings of both are important.

• Feelings of uncertainty and anxiety get minimized.
• Counsellor extends positive regard to the client.

Alternate Answer
A few guide lines to show positive regard to others.

1. Using ‘I’messages instead of ‘You’ messages.
2. Respond to the counselee after checking with him/her.
3. Give the counsellee the freedom to share thoughts and feeling without interrupting.
4. Avoid labeling yourself or the counsellee.

Components of Human Communication.

1. Encoding.
2. Decoding.
3. Speaking.
4. Communication channel.
5. Listening.
6. Reception.
7. Attention.
8. Paraphrasing.

Quality of positive regard for others for an effective counsellor:

1. Positive regard is accepting that it is all right to feel the way the client is feeling.
2. While speaking to the client the counsellor should use ‘I’ terms rather than ‘you’ messages.
3. Counsellor should respond after paraphrasing, therefore checking whatever he says.
4. Provide freedom of expression, never cut in.
5. Do not assume– express yourself according to the content of verbal exchange taking place.
6. Do not label either yourself or the other person regarding any characteristics.

Promoting pro– environmental behaviour:

1. Reducing air pollution.
2. Reducing noise pollution.
3. Managing disposable of garbage sensibly.
4. Planting trees and ensuring their care.
5. Saying no to plastics in any form.
6. Reducing the non-biodegradable packaging of consumer goods.
7. Laws related to constructions that violate optimal environmental design be implemented.

Strategies for reducing aggression and violence:

1. Parents and teachers should be especially careful not to encourage or reward aggression in any form.
2. Opportunities to observe and imitate the behavior of aggressive models should be reduced drastically. Avoid portraying aggression as heroic behavior.
3. Poverty and social injustice are cause of frustration which leads to aggression.
4. Reduction of poverty and social influences help in reducing frustration levels and thereby curb aggressive tendencies at least to some extent.
5. Inculcating a positive attitude towards peace at the community level.
6. Propagation of the concept of non violence.

The characteristics of an effective counsellor are:

• Authenticity.
• Positive regard for others.
• Empathy.
• Paraphrasing.

Naturalistic observation - is one of the primary ways of learning about the way people behave in a given setting.(natural setting)
Participant observation - is the variation of the method of naturalistic observation. The observer is actively involved in the process of observing by becoming an active member of the setting where the observation takes place.

Non verbal communication is composed of all those messages that people exchange besides words.
Factors such as gestures, postures, eye-contact, clothing style, body movement, facial expressions and all aspects of body language/para language should be considered in totality (cluster).

Skill of listening:

• Listening is an active process.
• It requires the person to be attentive. patient, non-judgemental and have the capacity to analyse and respond.
• It involves reception, attention, assignment of meaning and response to message.
• Paraphrasing.
• Awareness of culture.

Encoding
When we communicate, we encode (i.e. take ideas, give them meaning and put them into message forms) and send the idea through a channel. It is composed of our primary signal system based on our senses (i.e. seeing, hearing, tasting, smelling and touching).

Counselle-Counsellor relationship:- Positive regard for others, freedom of expression, acceptance of ideas that feelings of both are important.

• Feelings of uncertainty and anxiety get minimised.
• Counselor extends positive regard to the client.

Alternate Answer
A few guidelines to show positive regard to others.

1. Using ‘I’ messages instead of ‘You’ messages.
2. Respond to the counselee after checking with him/her.
3. Give the counsellee the freedom to share thoughts and feeling without interrupting.
4. Avoid labeling yourself or the counsellee.

Yes, I agree with this statement because, developing as a psychologist is the competence in the domain of counselling and guidance. In order to develop these competencies, psychologists must undergo proper training and education under guided supervision. The consequences of getting into a wrong vocation are pretty serious. If a person enters a job for which s/ he does not have requisite aptitude, s/ he can develop serious problems of adjustments, develop negative emotions, suffer from inferiority complex, etc. These difficulties may then come to be projected onto someone else. Contrary to this, if anyone who takes a vocation for which she/ he is well adapted, there will be considerable satisfaction in doing the job well. The positive feeling thus generated would have tremendous impact on overall life adjustment. Counselling is also one such domain where a person entering the field is required to engage in selfintrospection in order to assess her/ his inclination and basic skill set for being effective in her/ his vocation.