3 Marks Each

Question 13 Marks

Describe: The opinion of Pandit Deendayal related to 'Ownership of Assets'.

Answer

The objectives of human life and the place of property in it is a very important and debatable point.
The main aim of humans is happiness and the property is the source of acquiring it.
In this context, it is important to consider the aspect of ownership.
In a capitalist system, there is private ownership of wealth without state control.
This encourages a person to own mode. but at the same time it causes problem like economic inequality, exploitation, corruption, etc.
A socialist system on the other hand is based on the premise that private property is the cause of all economic problems and hence private property ownership has no place in socialism. this would reduce income inequality exploitation, corruption, etc...
but at the same time it would mean loss incentive and willingness to work and hence it harms progress.
Countries with socialist system are lacking behind in the race of achieving economic development and high standard of living as compared to countries with capitalist system.
Gandhiji was the first who tried to find the way in between these to view points and he suggested doctrine of trusteeship.
He suggested to have voluntary control on the consumption of wealth.
Pandit Deendayal's thoughts of ownership of assets are very close to the thoughts of Gandhiji.
Pandit Deendayal also states that abolition of private ownership completely is unwise.
Because that would mean loss of incentive and willingness to work, loss of dignity of an enterprising person, loss of safety in some manner and hence reduction in satisfaction.
Therefore, while people allowed to own private wealth, limits must be set on holding of property and such limits must be determined on the basis of human values.
The limit on private property holding should be determined on the basis of human values.
He believed that uncontrolled possession and self willed use of property destroys the ethical and intellectual character of a society.
influence of property encourages corruption, bribery and lack of property encourages illegal activities like Robbery, dacoit etc....in this way influence and scarcity of wealth both become the reason of devastation for a human being.
he believed happiness of human beings is the ultimate aim and property is an instrument to achieve it on which proper control is necessary.
the greed to concern uncontrolled political power on the basis of limitless use of materialistic equipments and property causes devastation of human and social ethics society's ethics and mental for all-round development of humans.
It is not necessary to give uncontrolled ownership of assets like capitalist system nor it is necessary to take away complete ownership of assets like socialist system instead the ownership of assets should be decided keeping in mind the presents standard of living of society.

View full question & answer→

Question 23 Marks

Explain: According to Pandit Deendayal limited consumptions the solution to major economic problems.

Answer

According to Pandit neenclayal the problems arising at present have their roots in consumption instinct.
To satisfy the higher needs and to increase the standard of living of human being, man desires new facilities and for that man invents new technologies and equipments.
Man tries to dominate nature, he recklessly uses natural resources and as a result of that the whole mankind has to suffer from environmental imbalance.
Natural cycle is being disturbed. Excessive use of petrol, machines etc. have disturbed the balance between mankind and nature.
It has increased the intensity of natural calamities in all the parts of the world.
In The developed countries of the world, people are facing the problems of scarcity of raw material, inflation, competition of weapons, mental restlessness etc. use of materialistic things gives materialistic satisfaction but it does not give piece of mind.
The present terrorism is due to this consumption instinct.
He suggested that our present economic system's objectives should be economical consumption it is necessary to decide the limit of production and consumption for country's welfare human wants are unlimited, the fulfillment of one gives birth to of another and so they cannot be satisfied completely.
So mental peace cannot be achieved ever. inspite of increasing production a country cannot be self dependent.
To make the country self dependent it s' is necessary to apply policy of moderate or contented consumption.
Because of limitless consumption economical and environmental problems have emerged and restricted consumption is the only I solution of it.
If a country has restricted consumption then human wants can be easily satisfied by country's production.
The standard of living of many in India is low and Pandit Deendayal believed that there should be no argument regarding raising the standard of living of people.
According to Pandit Deendayal appropriate amount of production and appropriate distribution can be made possible only by limiting consumption. only then the production can be diverted for producing necessity things instead production of leisure products.
According to him a person should restrict his needs as per his own income instead of imitating others. then only mental peace and happiness, can be achieved Pandit Deendayal's thoughts of consumption are similar to Gandhiji's thoughts of consumption.
Gandhiji's concept of simplicity and non-possessiveness indirectly points out about restricted consumption.

View full question & answer→

Question 33 Marks

Explain: Gandhiji was an-advocate for simplicity and non-posssessiveness.

Answer

The Western Economists laid emphasize on endless needs while Gandhiji followed the principle of 'Simple Living & High Thinking'.
Human mind is restless.
The problems of economic life arise owning to greed and race for increasing material possessions by forgetting ethics.
Which is why he propagated the idea of non $-$ possession and consumption for needs and not for greed.
He advised people to restrict their wants and work towards contentment.
Gandhiji was supporter of non possessiveness.
According to him a person should not use and keep more than his needs.
He stated the following reasons for restlessness in human life:
Continuously increasing wants
Use of complex machines
Distribution systems of present times $($which create unequal distribution$).$
According to Gandhiji, the proportion of needs and happiness has direct relationship.
He believed that by limiting the needs instead of usage, one can lead to a happy life.
Because of increase in needs, people start accumulating the things as also authorizing them.
As a result of it, few rich persons can enjoy more things at the cost of large number of poor people.
Gandhiji favored production of things in such a way that one can earn as per his needs.
Advocating simplicity and non$-$possessiveness, he emphasized on accepting the basic thing of 'Nourishment of all and exploitation of none.
' Simple living can avoid dependence on machines and by limiting one's individual needs, needs of everyone can be fulfilled easily.
Because of this he started a movement of using ‘khadi’, woven by 'Charkha '$($spinning wheel$),$ against the cloth prepared in mills. Real happiness live in simple living.
For this, he emphasized on limiting his needs.
According to Gandhiji, if everyone follows non$-$possessiveness then other needy people of the society can get necessity products in sufficient manner and welfare increases in whole humanity.
Explaining the relationship between wants and welfare, Gandhiji stated that welfare increases when wants are limited.
The main reason for unsatisfaction is absence of satisfaction of needs.
So, mental peace and happiness increases with limited needs.
In short, Gandhiji advocated simplicity and non$-$possessiveness for increasing human happiness.
Simple living is the main base of ‘Gandhisim' by which dependence on machines can be avoided.

View full question & answer→

Question 43 Marks

Which factors should be kept in mind while establishing the statehood ?

Answer

Around third century, he accompanied Chandragupta Maurya in establishing a country with strong and prosperous economy based on morality, to end the tyrant rule of last king of Nand dynasty "King Dhananand".
He suggested the following thoughts about, which facilities should be given in an ideal statehood.

- A king should develop the basic infrastructural facilities like roads, warehouses and to create a market.
- He should develop such a system in which goods can be transported from one pan of the state to other part with ease and safety.
- Agriculture should be developed in state because it is the main source of earning livelihood.
- He believed that land should be used in most optimum way for agricultural purpose and hence the uncultivable land should be converted into cultivable.
- The king should make efforts to increase cultivable land.
- He suggested of constructing reservoirs for agriculture and should increase irrigation facilities.
- Because by farming, farmers get their livelihood and state gets revenue.
- Kautilya emphasized on developing animal husbandry profession.
- In this regard he mentioned three categories of animals.
- He suggested rules and penalties related to animal husbandry.
- For increasing statehood, a king should explore the possibilities of new mines and thus order excavation, develop art and craft industry to use skills and promote skill formation, promote transport and communication and also create infrastructure for industrial development.
- He suggested to contract religious places and dharamshalas $($guesthouses$)$ for the welfare of people.
- Every king should try to gather state treasure in ethical manner.
- A state which has enough state treasure can spend proper money for its defense.
- He suggested that the burden of tax should be implemented in such a way that it should not weaken the condition of tax payers and state also did not suffer loss.
- He showed various rules for collecting important taxes.
- Kautilya considered it as the duty of the king that the importance of labour should be maintained and He gave basis for fixation of wages for labours so that the labours can earn minimum livelihood.
- It is also the responsibility of the king that its subjects should not be exploited.
- He advocated to exempt 'Acharyas $($teachers$)$', 'purohits' and 'kshtriyas' from paying tax and to help farmers in the state of helplessness.
- The aim of government administration was to distribute goods and food articles equally among all.
- According to him it was the responsibility of the state to establish religious institutions for the poor and encourages jobs for unemployed persons.
- It was the duty of the state to protect old age and weak people.

View full question & answer→

Question 53 Marks

State the influence of eminent philosophers on Gandhiji's thoughts.

Answer

World philosophers and religious books have great impact in Gandhiji's thoughts.
Influence of Tolstoy's thoughts can be seen on Gandhiji's thoughts about equality and simplicity.
So Gandhiji emphasized on simple living and high thinking. a simple life based on limited needs is the main thought of Gandhiji.
Gandhiji's thoughts about self labour work and importance of labour are influenced by the American think Thoreau.
He believed in accepting the importance of labour for living life and should not rely upon others work.
Gandhiji's idea of sarvodaya was an inspiration from British writer John Ruskin's book 'Unto the last'.
Gandhiji had a great impact of Indian religious person's thoughts like saint kabir, Gurunanak, Shrimad Rajchandra etc.
There is also an impact of scriptures like the Upanishads', the 'Ramayan', 'Mahabharat', 'Geeta', 'Quran' and 'Bible'.

View full question & answer→

Question 63 Marks

Explain Pandit Deendayal's concept of 'Integral Humanism'.

Answer

Pandit Deendayal is the advocate if integral humanism.
Pandit Deendayal presented a third option.
He suggested that the third option against capitalism and socialism is an integral economic policy which is based or integral humanism.
According to him integral humanism is a showcase of Indian culture.

- Integral humanism means human being is not merely thought of only as an economic human being but as a composite of all characteristics of a human being.
- In it, human welfare is thought after considering all the aspects like social, ethical, religious, and cultural.
- Integral humanism means the relations between human to human and relations with world which accounts to make human life happy and prosperous.
- According to Pandit Deendayal we look at every question from economic point of view.
- The objective of nations economic and financial policy is, the all round development of human being.
- In this context, the production and distribution systems of nation should be developed.
- For this he advocated social restrictions, establishment of law, decentralized economy and restricted consumption. He emphasized on working of every person.

According to Pandit Deendayal, integral humanism can be achieved by:

- Serving the ill informed/ignorant and deprived people of the society.
- Proper health related and teaching facilities should be provided to each person of society. they should be provided business education and arrangement for training should be made and their mental and physical health should be improved. they should be trained for receiving happiness.
- Enabling them to increase their income and by providing them better housing, food, clothes and employment.

View full question & answer→

Question 73 Marks

Explain Kautilya's thoughts about state treasure.

Answer

Kautilya's thoughts about State Treasure :

- Kautilya kept state treasure on the top in the list of the ways which he suggested for the prosperity of the state.
- All the work of the state are dependent on state treasure so he advised all the kings to keep increasing their state treasure.
- A state which has enough state treasure can spend proper money for its defense, so it creates greater influence on other state and their by making the state strong and impressive.
- Stability can be maintained if a state has proper state treasure.
- State treasure helps the state in natural calamities like draught, floods , cyclone etc..
- In India many kings opened the gates of their state treasures in such natural calamities.
- When a king accepts such kind of responsibilities, it helps in strengthening the bonding between the king and subjects.
- State treasure is important to make a state prosperous economically.
- Kautilya also suggested to use the state treasure for developing trade, agriculture, industry, transportation and communication system.
- He suggested to construct warehouses and dharamshalas $($guesthouses$)$ for facilitating traders.
- At that time free trade policy was implemented on large scale. Inspite of this, tax was imposed on imported goods.
- Kautilya also suggested that the government itself should produce some products and make arrangements for sales through government department.
- Sufficient state treasure was required by the state so that the king can take the responsibility of social welfare $($Social security$)$.
- Every person was protected against starvation.
- The main aim of state administration was to distribute funds and food.
- Kautilya wished to have complete rule of state over its subjects but his aim was of social welfare.
- According to him it was the responsibility of the state to establish religious institutions for the poor and encourages jobs for unemployed persons.
- It was the duty of the state to protect poor and weak people. In short, Kautilya was in favour of such a state which was based on social security.
- This concept is useful even today for better management.
- So it can be concluded that the use administratative expense is required for performing various responsibilities.
- Every king should try to gather state treasure in ethical manner.
- Kautilya has shown $7$ sources of income for the state, which include :

- Towns,
- Villages,
- Irrigation,
- Mines,
- Jungle,
- Animal husbandry,
- Trade and commerce.

- He suggested ways to collect state treasure like:

- He has emphasized that the king should collect taxes once in a year.
- He should not use forceful means to increase the treasury.
- It is also advised to refrain from harshness while collecting taxes from regions facing famine and drought.
- Kautilya also specified the rates of taxes $($amount of taxes$)$ for various categories of workers.
- For example, one fourth of the agricultural production may be collected as tax from individual farmers; one half of the production nay be collected as tax from individual manufacturers of cotton, wool, silk, wax and medicines.
- This ray he suggested taxes for other occupations also.
- He also suggested on the use of public property, promotion of trade, gifts, penalties, fines and rewards etc.

View full question & answer→

Question 83 Marks

Explain Gandhiji's thoughts about decentralized Economy.

Answer

Villages were in the center of the economic system envisioned by Gandhiji.
He favored a decentralized economic system for India.
He wanted economic power to be distributed among many Indians and not among a few people only. He emphasized on Small scale & household industry for decentralized economy & also accepted the importance of voluntary organization.
He also advocated the interference of state for eradicating exploitation done by masters. The concept of 'Gram Swaraj' and 'Gram Swawlamban $($rural independence$)$ is also included in his thoughts of decentralized economy.
According to him, majority of the capitalist industries creates problems like centralization of economic power, urbanization and environmental imbalance.
So Gandhiji presented program of 'Charkha' and `khadr.
According to him centralized economy is necessary for Indians to earn livelihood.
Decentralized economy is necessary for existence of independence and cultural reasons.
Concept of Gandhiji's decentralized economy has two specialties.

- Economic power should be distributed among people at large instead of few persons.
- Economic activities expansion should be more in villages. Gandhiji's economical dependence is possible only when economic activities are decentralized. economic activities should be spread in lakhs of village then only decentralization is possible.
- The biggest contribution in modern economics by Gandhiji in his philosophy about decentralized economy.
- If we want to give work and food to all Indians then decentralization can play a big role in economic strategy.
- Capital oriented large scale industries cannot solve problem of unemployment of our country.
- Crores of Indian populations live midst poverty in villages.
- The only solution to eradicate this of nation is to make development in villages. Development of small industries based on decentralization and to create an atmosphere for industries is necessary.
- In western countries, urbanization and mechanization has created such problems the importance of man has reduced, his independent existence is in danger.
- So owing to cultural reasons, decentralized economy is desirable for india.

View full question & answer→

Question 93 Marks

Write a short note on Gandhiji's thoughts about 'Sarvoday".

Answer

Sarvodaya :

- Gandhiji's idea of 'Sarvodaya' was an inspiration from British writer John Ruskin's book 'Unto the last.' From that book he derived, the importance of labour work and ways to eradicate poverty from India.
- Gandhiji envisioned a society devoid of violence in which the helpless, poor and needy are uplifted to a state of wellbeing; and this idea of social development was called 'Sarvodaya' which means, 'upliftment of all'.
- According to the 'Bhagwad Geeta', in all human beings dwells the same soul and adopting this thought Gandhiji based the principle to 'Sarvodaya' on mutual cooperation and love.
- He further suggested that 'Sarvodaya' type of socialism may be attained by forsaking desires which lead to greed.
- For successful implementation of 'Sarvodaya', he presented the ideas of renunciation, service, reducing dependence on machinery, protection of labour, decentralization of power and prevention of exploitation.
- He disliked the thought that very few people became rich due to the machinery and industry.
- For him socialism means that there are no differences between people, and all that all equal.
- According to him the dual policy of personal & social values is the main reason ,$41$ id or inequalities.
- So the main aim of Sarvodaya is to convert individual excellence into social values.
- Gandhi insisted on purity of resources for Sarvodaya.
- He believed that the main reason of all social problems is the difference between rich & poor, owner & servant, king & its subjects.
- The main principles of Gandhi's Sarvodaya were: a

- To satisfy basic needs of people.
- To have sufficient Income so that people's work efficiency can be maintained.
- To give freedom for Individual development.
- To take care of the simplest people of the society and to take proper steps for their upliftment.

- According to Gandhiji in socialism there should be no differences and discrimination between rich & poor, master & servant, king & its subjects.

View full question & answer→

Question 103 Marks

Explain Gandhiji's thoughts about use of machinery'.

Answer

Gandhiji was not against use of machinery he was against the misuse of machinery.
He was against the blind desires of man for the use of machines.
He believed the machines to be the servant of human and not the masters.
But when a country has enough labours then increasing use of machinery leads to increase in unemployment.
Gandhiji opposed machines for $3$ reasons:

- Machines make human slaves.
- Excessive use of machines encourages unemployment.
- Use of machines leads to concentration of economic power in the hands of a few people. Excessive use of machines destroys villages and vices of urbanization emerge.

Gandhiji advocated limited use of machines on a condition that it should lead to unemployment, crones of people living is slums should be benefited and their labour work should decrease their efficiency should increase.
The environmental problems which have arisen in the world show the foresightedness of Gandhiji.
When Gandhiji was asked, "Are you against use of machines?" he replied," How can I?" Because human body is a dedicate machine. 'Charkha' is a machine." He said his objection was not for machines but for human's reckless use of machines.
Machines help small groups of people to become rich.
The motivational force behind use of machines is not the saving of labour but greed for money he said that his objective was not to oppose machines but to limit their use.
He presented three limitations of use of machines.

- Nation's man power should be fully utilized while using machines.
- Machines should be use friendly.
- Machines should be used in such a way that majority of people can use them as per their convenience.

Gandhiji believed machine deprives a man from his abilities, it makes man robot.
Use of machines increases centralization of economic power and fluctuation in it hinders economic development.
According to Gandhiji, use of machines can be done for producing capital goods.
Because production of capital goods helps in production of consumer goods.
Gandhiji emphasized on considering the social cost of unemployment instead of considering the financial cost only, while using machines.

View full question & answer→

Economics 3 Marks Each

Test yourself on this topic