Question 13 Marks
Give a labeled structure of ovum.
Questions
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Question 23 Marks
Draw a labeled diagram of the human female reproductive system.
Question 33 Marks
Sketch and label the human male reproductive system.
Answer
View full question & answer→Solution is as follow:
Question 43 Marks
Draw a labeled diagram of sperm.
Question 53 Marks
What differences are there in number, structure, and activity of the male and female gametes in a man?
Answer
View full question & answer→| Male Gametes | Female Gametes |
| Number: Very large. | Normally one at a time. |
| Structure: A sperm is about 50-55 microns long with head, acrosome neck, and lashing tail. | It is spherical and non-motile. |
| Activity: With the help of a lashing tail, it moves actively towards the oviducts. | Passively carried from ovary to oviduct. |
Question 63 Marks
Write in sequence the regions in which a mature sperm travels from the seminiferous tubules up to the urethral opening?
Answer
View full question & answer→The course of sperms in a male
Seminiferous tubules (Produce sperm)
⇓
Network of tubules
⇓
Efferent ducts
⇓
Upper part (head) of the epididymis
⇓
The middle part (body) of the epididymis
⇓
Hind part (tail) of the epididymis
⇓
Sperm duct (vas deferens)
⇓
Urethra (in the penis)
Question 73 Marks
Describe briefly the ways how a mammalian embryo is protected
Answer
View full question & answer→The mammalian embryo is protected by two sacs:
(a) The chorion
(b) The amnion, which contains the amniotic fluid to protect the embryo from shocks. The embryo-is also protected by the thick, muscular wall of the uterus.
(a) The chorion
(b) The amnion, which contains the amniotic fluid to protect the embryo from shocks. The embryo-is also protected by the thick, muscular wall of the uterus.
Question 83 Marks
What changes occur at the time of birth?
Answer
View full question & answer→A cycle of uterine contractions followed by labour pains, dilation of the cervix and the vagina slowly pushes the fetus out of the uterus. The uterine contractions are initiated by decreased progesterone secretion and the secretion of oxytocin hormone by the pituitary gland. After the child's delivery, the placenta is expelled out.
Question 93 Marks
Where does fertilization occur?
Answer
View full question & answer→In the Fallopian tube.
Question 103 Marks
Define the four stages in the uterine cycle.
Answer
View full question & answer→The uterine cycle consists of four distinct stages as follows :
(i) Menstruation: It lasts for about five days.
(ii) Follicle stage: From the end of menstruation to the release of the ovum, it lasts for 10-14 days.
(iii) Ovulation: It is the release of ovum from the ovary.
(iv) Corpus luteum stage: It lasts from ovulation to menstruation for about 10-14 days.
(i) Menstruation: It lasts for about five days.
(ii) Follicle stage: From the end of menstruation to the release of the ovum, it lasts for 10-14 days.
(iii) Ovulation: It is the release of ovum from the ovary.
(iv) Corpus luteum stage: It lasts from ovulation to menstruation for about 10-14 days.
Question 113 Marks
Give Reasons
A large number of sperms are required for fertilizing one egg.
A large number of sperms are required for fertilizing one egg.
Answer
View full question & answer→The ovum does not exert any distant chemical attraction over the sperms. Hence to ensure that sperm reach every part of the female reproductive tract so that at least one sperm becomes available to ovum for its fertilization, a large number of sperms are required.
Question 123 Marks
Give Reasons
Missing of menses is the first indication of pregnancy.
Missing of menses is the first indication of pregnancy.
Answer
View full question & answer→Because the endometrium of the uterus along with the unfertilized egg is given out in the form of menstrual flow.
Question 133 Marks
Give Reasons
Gametes have a haploid (n) number of chromosomes.
Gametes have a haploid (n) number of chromosomes.
Answer
View full question & answer→The gametes take part in fertilization and after fertilization from the zygote in which the number of chromosomes is doubled. Hence, to maintain a constant number of chromosomes in a species, the gametes have a haploid number of chromosomes.
Question 143 Marks
Differentiate
External fertilization and Internal fertilization.
External fertilization and Internal fertilization.
Answer
View full question & answer→| External fertilization | Internal fertilization |
| It occurs outside the body of the animal through a medium such as water. | It occurs inside the body of the female. |
Question 153 Marks
The diagram given below is that of a developing human fetus in the womb. Study the same and then answer the questions that follow:
(i) Name the parts’l’ to ‘5’ indicated by guidelines.
(ii) What term is given to the period of development of the fetus in the womb?
(iii) How many days does the fetus take to be fully developed?
(iv) Mention two functions of the parts labeled ‘2’ other than its endocrine function.
(y) Name the hormone (anyone) produced by the part labeled ‘2’.
(vi) What is The function of the part marked ‘3’?
(i) Name the parts’l’ to ‘5’ indicated by guidelines.
(ii) What term is given to the period of development of the fetus in the womb?
(iii) How many days does the fetus take to be fully developed?
(iv) Mention two functions of the parts labeled ‘2’ other than its endocrine function.
(y) Name the hormone (anyone) produced by the part labeled ‘2’.
(vi) What is The function of the part marked ‘3’?
Answer
View full question & answer→(i)
1. Umbilical cord
2. Placenta
3. Amniotic fluid
4. Cervix
5. Uterus wall
1. Umbilical cord
2. Placenta
3. Amniotic fluid
4. Cervix
5. Uterus wall
(ii) Gestation period.
(iii) 280 days.
(iv) It provides nutrition and the exchange of respiratory gases by diffusion.
(v) Progesterone.
(vi) Prevents fetuses from jerks and shocks. It also prevents the fetus from sticking to the uterine wall.
Question 163 Marks
Study the diagram given below and then answer the questions that follow:
(i) Name the parts labeled $1$ and $2$. State the function of each part.
(ii) State any one function of the amniotic fluid.
(iii) What is the role of the umbilical cord in the development of the fetus?
(iv) Name the part in the diagram which is endocrine in nature.
(i) Name the parts labeled $1$ and $2$. State the function of each part.
(ii) State any one function of the amniotic fluid.
(iii) What is the role of the umbilical cord in the development of the fetus?
(iv) Name the part in the diagram which is endocrine in nature.
Answer
View full question & answer→(i)1. Placenta - It helps irtIe nutrition, excretion and respiration of the embryo.
2. Chorion - It forms the placenta
(ii) The amniotic fluid present in the amniotic cavity acts as a shock absorber and prevents desiccation of embryo.
(iii) The umbilical cord makes the connection between placenta and foetus. It supplies the nutrients and $O_2$_ with maternal blood; to a foetus and removes $CO_2$ and excretory wastes from foetus blood into maternal blood. Thus it acts as a transport channel between a foetus and mother blood.
(iv) Placenta - Secrets HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) hormone.
2. Chorion - It forms the placenta
(ii) The amniotic fluid present in the amniotic cavity acts as a shock absorber and prevents desiccation of embryo.
(iii) The umbilical cord makes the connection between placenta and foetus. It supplies the nutrients and $O_2$_ with maternal blood; to a foetus and removes $CO_2$ and excretory wastes from foetus blood into maternal blood. Thus it acts as a transport channel between a foetus and mother blood.
(iv) Placenta - Secrets HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) hormone.
Question 173 Marks
Study the diagram given below and then answer the questions that follow:
(i) Name the part labeled A. Name any two hormones produced by the part labeled A.
(ii) What happens to the part labeled B.
(1) if fertilization takes place?
(2) If fertilization does not take place?
(iii) Where does fertilization occur?
(iv) Draw a neat diagram of the human sperm as seen under high magnification and label the following parts.
(1) Acrosome
(2) Mitochondria
(i) Name the part labeled A. Name any two hormones produced by the part labeled A.
(ii) What happens to the part labeled B.
(1) if fertilization takes place?
(2) If fertilization does not take place?
(iii) Where does fertilization occur?
(iv) Draw a neat diagram of the human sperm as seen under high magnification and label the following parts.
(1) Acrosome
(2) Mitochondria
Answer
View full question & answer→(i) A is ovary—Hormones are estrogen and progesterone.
(ii)
(1) If fertilization takes place, after about 7 days of fertilization the embryo reaches the uterus.
(2) If there is no fertilization uterine lining is shed off with blood flow.
(iii) Fallopian tube.
(iv)
(ii)
(1) If fertilization takes place, after about 7 days of fertilization the embryo reaches the uterus.
(2) If there is no fertilization uterine lining is shed off with blood flow.
(iii) Fallopian tube.
(iv)
Question 183 Marks
Given below is the outline of the male reproductive system.
(i) Name the parts labeled 1 to 5.
(ii) State the functions of the parts labeled 1 and 4.
(iii) Name the cells of part 5 that produce testosterone.
(iv) Why is structure 5 present outside the body in the scrotal sacs?
(v) What is semen?
(i) Name the parts labeled 1 to 5.
(ii) State the functions of the parts labeled 1 and 4.
(iii) Name the cells of part 5 that produce testosterone.
(iv) Why is structure 5 present outside the body in the scrotal sacs?
(v) What is semen?
Answer
View full question & answer→(i)
1. Prostate gland.
2. Cowper’s gland.
3. Urethra.
4. Sperm duct.
5. Testis.
(ii)
1. Prostate gland: it secretes an alkaline matter which neutralizes the acidity of urethra.
4. Sperm duct: It carries sperms from epididymis to the urethra.
(iii) Cells of Leydig.
(iv) The testis is located in the scrotal sacs so that they can maintain a low temperature than the body cavity. This low temperature is necessary for the maturation of sperms.
(v) Semen is the mixture of sperm and secretions of the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and Cowper's gland.
1. Prostate gland.
2. Cowper’s gland.
3. Urethra.
4. Sperm duct.
5. Testis.
(ii)
1. Prostate gland: it secretes an alkaline matter which neutralizes the acidity of urethra.
4. Sperm duct: It carries sperms from epididymis to the urethra.
(iii) Cells of Leydig.
(iv) The testis is located in the scrotal sacs so that they can maintain a low temperature than the body cavity. This low temperature is necessary for the maturation of sperms.
(v) Semen is the mixture of sperm and secretions of the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and Cowper's gland.
Question 193 Marks
The below diagram represents the vertical view of the human female reproductive system.
(i) Label the parts indicated by the guidelines 1 to 8.
(ii) How does the uterus prepare for the reception of a zygote?
(iii) What happens to the uterus if fertilization takes place?
(iv) What happens to the uterus if fertilization has failed to take place?
(i) Label the parts indicated by the guidelines 1 to 8.
(ii) How does the uterus prepare for the reception of a zygote?
(iii) What happens to the uterus if fertilization takes place?
(iv) What happens to the uterus if fertilization has failed to take place?
Answer
View full question & answer→(i)
1. Oviduct
2. Funnel of oviduct
3. Ureter
4. Vagina
5. Ovary
6. Uterus
7. Bladder
8. Urethra
(ii) The endometrium lining and glands of the uterine wall grow to prepare the uterus for the reception of a zygote.
(iii) If fertilization takes place, the embryo is implanted in the uterus. The uterus wall develops a placenta which attaches the embryo to the uterus and the uterine wall expands to accommodate the growing embryo.
(iv) If fertilization fails to take place, menstruation takes place during which endometrium of the uterus is cast off. The capillaries and cells of this layer rupture and disappear.
1. Oviduct
2. Funnel of oviduct
3. Ureter
4. Vagina
5. Ovary
6. Uterus
7. Bladder
8. Urethra
(ii) The endometrium lining and glands of the uterine wall grow to prepare the uterus for the reception of a zygote.
(iii) If fertilization takes place, the embryo is implanted in the uterus. The uterus wall develops a placenta which attaches the embryo to the uterus and the uterine wall expands to accommodate the growing embryo.
(iv) If fertilization fails to take place, menstruation takes place during which endometrium of the uterus is cast off. The capillaries and cells of this layer rupture and disappear.
Question 203 Marks
Given below is a diagram of the female reproductive system of a human being
(i) Name the parts numbered 1 to 6.
(ii) Normally after how many days does an ovary release an egg?
(iii) Where are the sperms released during coitus?
(iv) What do the sperms do after being released?
(v) What is the function of the organ numbered 5?
(vi) How many days does it normally take from the fertilization of the egg up to the birth of the baby?
(i) Name the parts numbered 1 to 6.
(ii) Normally after how many days does an ovary release an egg?
(iii) Where are the sperms released during coitus?
(iv) What do the sperms do after being released?
(v) What is the function of the organ numbered 5?
(vi) How many days does it normally take from the fertilization of the egg up to the birth of the baby?
Answer
View full question & answer→(i)
1. Vagina
2. Right ovary
3. Ovarian funnel
4. Oviduct
5. Uterus
6. Cervix.
(ii) Normally the ovary releases one egg every 28 days by the rupture of the Graffian follicle.
(iii) The sperms are released by the penis in the vagina near the cervix.
(iv) The sperms swim up the vagina to enter through the cervix into the uterus and up into the oviduct where it meets the ovum.
(v) The function of the uterus is for the protection and nourishment of the embryo during the period of gestation.
(vi) The period of gestation is 266-280 days after which the fetus is expelled.
1. Vagina
2. Right ovary
3. Ovarian funnel
4. Oviduct
5. Uterus
6. Cervix.
(ii) Normally the ovary releases one egg every 28 days by the rupture of the Graffian follicle.
(iii) The sperms are released by the penis in the vagina near the cervix.
(iv) The sperms swim up the vagina to enter through the cervix into the uterus and up into the oviduct where it meets the ovum.
(v) The function of the uterus is for the protection and nourishment of the embryo during the period of gestation.
(vi) The period of gestation is 266-280 days after which the fetus is expelled.
Question 213 Marks
The below diagram is of a developing embryo is a mother’s womb:
(i) Write the functions of the placenta, amnion, and umbilical cord.
(ii) How are the waste products of a fetus removed?
(iii) What is the gestation period?
(i) Write the functions of the placenta, amnion, and umbilical cord.
(ii) How are the waste products of a fetus removed?
(iii) What is the gestation period?
Answer
View full question & answer→(i) Functions:
1. It supplies oxygen, water, nutrients and hormones from the mother to embryo.
2. It transfers. carbon dioxide and other waste materials from the embryo to the mother’s blood.
3. It shields the embryo from infections as it is impermeable to most of the microorganisms present in the mother’s blood.
4. It produces certain hormones like oestrogen and progesterone which are essential for the reproductive process.
The amnion or amniotic sac is made up of protective membranes that are formed around the embryo. It encloses a fluid-filled space which acts as a water-bath and excellent shock absorption for the young embryo.
5. The embryo that develops in the placenta is maintained at a constant temperature, is well protected and nourished by the umbilical cord.
(ii) Waste products of the fetus are removed through the umbilical cord.
(iii) The interval of time between fertilization and birth is called the gestation period. It is about 280 days in human beings.
1. It supplies oxygen, water, nutrients and hormones from the mother to embryo.
2. It transfers. carbon dioxide and other waste materials from the embryo to the mother’s blood.
3. It shields the embryo from infections as it is impermeable to most of the microorganisms present in the mother’s blood.
4. It produces certain hormones like oestrogen and progesterone which are essential for the reproductive process.
The amnion or amniotic sac is made up of protective membranes that are formed around the embryo. It encloses a fluid-filled space which acts as a water-bath and excellent shock absorption for the young embryo.
5. The embryo that develops in the placenta is maintained at a constant temperature, is well protected and nourished by the umbilical cord.
(ii) Waste products of the fetus are removed through the umbilical cord.
(iii) The interval of time between fertilization and birth is called the gestation period. It is about 280 days in human beings.
Question 223 Marks
Given below is a diagram of the lateral section of the testis of a man. Study the same and answer the questions that follow:
(i) Label the parts numbered 1 to 4 of the diagram.
(ii) State the functions of the parts labeled 1 and 3.
(iii)What is the significance of the testes being located in the scrotal sac outside the abdomen?
(vi)What is the role played by the inguinal canal?
(v) What is semen?
(i) Label the parts numbered 1 to 4 of the diagram.
(ii) State the functions of the parts labeled 1 and 3.
(iii)What is the significance of the testes being located in the scrotal sac outside the abdomen?
(vi)What is the role played by the inguinal canal?
(v) What is semen?
Answer
View full question & answer→(i)
1. Seminiferous tubules
2. Testicular lobule
3. Epididymis
4. Vas deferens
(ii)
1.Seminiferous tubules: sperm production, nourishment, and protection of sperm.
3.Epididymis:stores sperm, contributes to seminal fluid.
(iii) The scrotal sac acts as a thermoregulator. The temperature in the scrotal sac remains 2-3°C lower than the body temperature which is suitable for the maturation of sperm.
(iv) Through the inguinal canal, the sperm duct is connected and so passes the sperm to the urinary bladder.
(v) Semen is a mixture of mature sperm and secretions of’ various accessory glands. It is a milky fluid.
1. Seminiferous tubules
2. Testicular lobule
3. Epididymis
4. Vas deferens
(ii)
1.Seminiferous tubules: sperm production, nourishment, and protection of sperm.
3.Epididymis:stores sperm, contributes to seminal fluid.
(iii) The scrotal sac acts as a thermoregulator. The temperature in the scrotal sac remains 2-3°C lower than the body temperature which is suitable for the maturation of sperm.
(iv) Through the inguinal canal, the sperm duct is connected and so passes the sperm to the urinary bladder.
(v) Semen is a mixture of mature sperm and secretions of’ various accessory glands. It is a milky fluid.