$ i .e = 3$ ${\text{ - C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}$ અથવા
$ + I\, \propto \,\frac{1}{{hyper\,conjugation\,of\,alkyl\,group}}$
${ }^{-} \mathrm{OH}, \mathrm{R} \overline{\mathrm{O}}, \mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{CO} \overline{\mathrm{O}}, \mathrm{C} \overline{1}$
$ -\mathrm{OCH}_3,-\mathrm{NO}_2,-\mathrm{CN},-\mathrm{CH}_3-\mathrm{NHCOCH}_3,$ $ -\mathrm{COR},-\mathrm{OH},-\mathrm{COOH},-\mathrm{Cl}$