Question
What do you mean by multiple covalent bonding? Explain with the help of examples.
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Answer
Multiple covalent Bonding: We know that electron pair shared between two atoms is responsible for the formation of a covalent
bond. This shared pair is also called bonding pair of electrons. The bonding atoms may share more than one pair of electrons also depending upon their requirement to complete the Octet. If the two atoms share one electron pair$,$bond is known as single covalent bond and is represented by one dash $(-).$ If the two atoms share two electron pairs$,$bond is known as double covalent bond and is represented by two dashes $(=)$. If the two atoms share three electron pairs$,$bond is known as triple covalent bond and is represented by three dashes $(=).$
In the case of $H_2$,$Cl_2$ and $\text{HCI}$ molecules $($given above$)$ there are single bonds between the atoms.
Formation of Double Bond: Two oxygen atoms combine to form an oxygen molecule by sharing two electron pairs. In the formation of oxygen molecule each oxygen atom has six electrons in the valence shell and require two electrons to complete the octet. Therefore$,$both the atoms contribute two electron pairs are shared and hence there is a double bond between the oxygen
atoms. The covalency of oxygen is two.
Formation of Triple Bond: In the formation of a nitrogen molecule$,$each of the bond nitrogen atoms having five electrons$,$provides three electrons to form three electrons pairs for sharing. Thus$,$a triple bond is formed between the two atoms. Here$,$covalency of nitrogen is three.
bond. This shared pair is also called bonding pair of electrons. The bonding atoms may share more than one pair of electrons also depending upon their requirement to complete the Octet. If the two atoms share one electron pair$,$bond is known as single covalent bond and is represented by one dash $(-).$ If the two atoms share two electron pairs$,$bond is known as double covalent bond and is represented by two dashes $(=)$. If the two atoms share three electron pairs$,$bond is known as triple covalent bond and is represented by three dashes $(=).$
In the case of $H_2$,$Cl_2$ and $\text{HCI}$ molecules $($given above$)$ there are single bonds between the atoms.
Formation of Double Bond: Two oxygen atoms combine to form an oxygen molecule by sharing two electron pairs. In the formation of oxygen molecule each oxygen atom has six electrons in the valence shell and require two electrons to complete the octet. Therefore$,$both the atoms contribute two electron pairs are shared and hence there is a double bond between the oxygen
atoms. The covalency of oxygen is two.
Formation of Triple Bond: In the formation of a nitrogen molecule$,$each of the bond nitrogen atoms having five electrons$,$provides three electrons to form three electrons pairs for sharing. Thus$,$a triple bond is formed between the two atoms. Here$,$covalency of nitrogen is three.
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