Describe with a suitable diagram, how a convex mirror diverges a parallel beam of light rays. Mark clearly the pole, focus and centre of curvature of convex mirror in this diagram.

List two possible ways in which a concave mirror can produce a magnified image of an object placed in front of it. State the difference, if any, between these two images.

What kind of lens can form:

1. An inverted magnified image?
2. An erect magnified image?
3. An inverted diminished image?
4. An erect diminished image?

A convex lens of focal length 25cm and a concave lens of focal length 10cm are placed in close focal contact with each other. Calculate the lens power of this combination.

Describe with the help of a diagram, the nature, size and position of the image formed when an object is placed beyond the centre of curvature of a concave mirror.

What is meant by ‘refraction of light’? Draw a labelled ray diagram to show the refraction of light.

What is the relation between the focal length and radius of curvature of a spherical mirror (concave mirror or convex mirror)? Calculate the focal length of a spherical mirror whose radius of curvature is 25cm.

An object of height 4.0cm is placed at a distance of 30cm from the optical centre ‘O’ of a convex lens of focal length 20cm. Draw a ray diagram to find the position and size of the image formed. Mark optical centre ‘O’ and principal focus ‘F’ on the diagram. Also find the approximate ratio of size of the image to the size of the object.

With the help of a labelled ray diagram, describe how a converging mirror can be used to give an enlarged upright image of an object.

What is observed when 2mL of dilute hydrochloric acid is added to 1g of sodium carbonate taken in a clean and dry test tube? Write chemical equation for the reaction involved.