Explain different types of Structural isomerism with example. - Vidyadip

Question

Explain different types of Structural isomerism with example.

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Answer

$(1)$ Linkage Isomerism:
$\rightarrow$ Linkage isomerism arises in a coordination compound containing ambidentate ligand.
$\rightarrow$ A simple example is provided by complexes containing the thiocyanate ligand, $\ce{NCS}^-,$ which may bind through the nitrogen to give $\ce{M-NCS}$ or through sulphur to give $\ce{M-SCN}.$
$\rightarrow$ Jorgenson discovered such behaviour in the complex $\ce{[ Co(NH_3)_5( NO_2)] Cl _2}$, which is obtained as the red form, in which the nitrite ligand is bound through oxygen $\ce{(- ONO)},$ and as the yellow form, in which the nitrite ligand is bound through nitrogen $\ce{(- NO _2)}$.
$\text { e.g. : }\ce{[ Co(ONO)(NH_3)_5]^{2+}}$ and $\ce{[ Co(NO_2)(NH_3)_5]^{2+}}$
$ \text{Red} \quad\text{Yellow}$
$(2)$ Coordination Isomerism:
$rightarrow$ This type of isomerism arises from the interchange of ligands between cationic and anionic entities of different metal ions present in a complex.
e.g. : $\ce{[ Co(NH_3)_6][ Cr( CN )_6]}$, and $\ce{[ Cr( NH_3)_6][Co(CN )_6]}$
$(3)$ Ionisation Isomerism:
$\rightarrow$ This form of isomerism arises when the counter ion in a complex salt is itself a potential ligand and can displace a ligand which can then become the counter ion.
e.g. : $ .. \ce{[Co(NH_3)_5]( SO_4)] Br}$ and $[Cr( NH_3)_5 Br ] SO_4$
$ \ce{{[Pt (NH_3)_4 Cl _2] Br_2}}$ and $\ce{[Pt (NH_3)_4 Br _2] Cl_2 }$
$ \ce{{[Cr(NH_3)_4 Cl _2] NO_2}}$ and $\ce{[Cr( NH_3)_4 Cl.NO_2]Cl }$
$(4)$ Solvate Isomerism $OR$ Hydrate isomerism:
$\rightarrow$ This form of isomerism is known as 'hydrate isomerism' in case where water is involved as a solvent.
$\rightarrow$ This is similar to ionization isomerism.
$\rightarrow$ Three isomeric forms of $\ce{CrCl_3 . 6 H_2O}$ are known
$(1) \ce{[ Cr(H_2O)_6]Cl_3} ($violet$).$
$(2) \ce{[ Cr(H_2O)_5Cl ] Cl_2 \cdot H_2O} ($grey green$).$
$(3) \ce{[ Cr(H_2O)_4Cl_2] Cl \cdot 2 H_2O} ($green$).$

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