The potential of each electrode is known as electrode potential. Standard electrode potential is the potential when concentration of each species taking part in electrode reaction is unity and the reaction is taking place at 298K. By convention, the standard electrode potential of hydrogen (SHE) is 0.0V. The electrode potential value for each electrode process is a measure of relative tendency of the active species in the process to remain in the oxidised/ reduced form. The negative electrode potential means that the redox couple is stronger reducing agent than H^+ H_2 couple. A positive electrode potential means that the redox couple is a weaker reducing agent than the H^+ H_2 couple. Metals which have higher positive value of standard reduction potential form the oxides of greater thermal stability. In these questions (Q. No. i-iv), a statement of assertion followed by a statement ofreason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices. 1. Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion. 2. Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion. 3. Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement. 4. Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement. 1. Assertion : An electrochemical cell can be set - up only if the redox reaction is spontaneous. Reason : A reaction is spontaneous if the free energy change is negative. 2. Assertion : The standard electrode potential of hydrogen is 0.0V. Reason : It is by convention. 3. Assertion : The more negative is the standard reduction potential, greater is its ability to displace H_2 from acid. Reason : Strength of reducing agent increases with the increase in negative value of the standard reduction potential. 4. Assertion : The negative value of standard reduction potential means that reduction takes place on this electrode with reference to hydrogen electrode. Reason : The standard electrode potential of a half cell has a fixed value. 5. Assertion : The absolute value of electrode potential cannot be determined experimentally. Reason : The electrode potential values are generally determined with respect to SHE.

1. (b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion. 2. (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion. 3. (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion. More negative is the standard reduction potential, greater is its ability to displace hydrogen from acid. 4. (d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement. A negative value of standard reduction potential means that oxidation takes place on the electrode with reference to SHE. 5. (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.

The potential of each electrode is known as electrode potential. …

Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
Amines are alkyl or aryl derivatives of ammonia formed by replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms. Alkyl derivatives are called aliphatic amines and aryl derivatives are known as aromatic amines. The presence of aromatic amines can be identified by performing dye test. Aniline is the simplest example of aromatic amine. It undergoeselectrophilic substitution reactions in which $-\ce{NH_2}$ group strongly activates the aromatic ring through delocalisation of lone pair of electrons of $N-$atom. Aniline undergoes electrophilic substitution reactions. Ortho and para positions to the $-\ce{NH_2}$ group become centres of high electrons density. Thus, $-\ce{NH_2}$ group is ortho and para$-$directing and powerful activating group.
The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate answer:

Cyclohexylamine and aniline can be distinguished by:

Hinsberg test.
carbylamine test.
Lassaigne test.
azo dye test.

Which of the following compounds gives dye test?

Aniline.
Methyl amine.
Diphenyl amine.
Ethyl amine.

Aniline when acetylated, the major product on nitration followed by alkaline hydrolysis gives:

Acetanilide.
$o-$nitroacetanitide.
$p-$nitroaniline.
$m-$nitroanitine.

Oxidation of aniline with manganese dioxide and sulphuric acid produces:

Phenylhydroxylamine.
Nitrobenzene.
$p-$benzoquinone.
Phenol.

Aniline when treated with cone. $\ce{HNO_3}$ and $\ce{H_2SO_4}$ gives:

$p-$phenylenediamine.
$m-$nitroaniline.
$p-$benzoquinone.
Nitrobenzene.

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Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
To explain bonding in coordination compounds various theories were proposed. One of the important theory was valence bond theory. According to that, the central metal ion in the complex makes available a number of empty orbitals for the formation of coordination bonds with suitable ligands. The appropriate atomic orbitals of the metal hybridise to give a set of equivalent orbitals of definite geometry.
The $d-$orbitals involved in the hybridisation may be either inner $d-$orbitals i.e.$, (n - 1)d$ or outer $d-$orbitals i.e.$, nd.$
For example, $Co^{3+}$ forms both inner orbital and outer orbital complexes, with ammonia it forms $[\ce{Co(NH3)6]^{3+}}$ and with fluorine it forms $[\ce{CoF6]^{3-}}$ complex ion.
The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate answer :

Which of the following is not true for $[\ce{CoF6}]^{3-}$?

It is paramagnetic.
It has coordination number of $6.$
It is outer orbital complex.
It involves $d^2sp^3$ hybridisation.

$[\ce{Cr(H2O)6]Cl3}\ ($at. no. of $Cr = 24)$ has a magnetic moment of $3.83\ B.M.$ The correct distribution of $3d-$electrons in the central metal of the complex is :

$3\text{d}^1_\text{xy},3\text{d}^1_{\text{x}^2-\text{y}^2},3\text{d}^1_\text{yz}$
$3\text{d}^1_\text{xy},3\text{d}^1_{\text{yz}},3\text{d}^1_\text{zx}$
$3\text{d}^1_\text{xy},3\text{d}^1_{\text{zy}},3\text{d}^1_{\text{z}^2}$
$3\text{d}^1_{\text{x}^2-\text{y}^2},3\text{d}^1_{\text{z}^2},3\text{d}^1_\text{xz}$

Which of the following is true for $[\ce{Co(NH3)6}]^{3+}$?

It is an octahedral, di magnetic and outer orbital complex.
It is an octahedral, paramagnetic and outer orbital complex.
It is an octahedral, paramagnetic and inner orbital complex.
It is an octahedral, di magnetic and inner orbital complex.

The paramagnetism of $[\ce{CoF6}]^{3-}$ is due to.

$3$ electrons.
$4$ electrons.
$2$ electrons.
$1$ electron.

Which of the following is an inner orbital or low spin complex?

$[\ce{Ni(H2O)6}]^{3+}$
$[\ce{FeF6}]^{3-}$
$[\ce{Co(CN)6}]^{3-}$
$[\ce{NiCl4}]^{2-}$

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For a reaction, $A + B \rightarrow$ Products, the rate law is $-$ Rate $= k[A][B]^{3/2}$ Can the reaction be an elementary reaction? Explain.

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Read the passage given below and answer the following questions: Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones and those compounds which on hydrolysis give such compounds are also carbohydrates. The carbohydrates which are not hydrolysed are called monosaccharides. Monosaccharides with aldehydic group are called aldose and those which free ketonic groups are called ketose. Carbohydrates are optically active. Number of optical isomers $= 2^n$ Where $n =$ numberofasymmetric carbons. Carbohydrates are mainlysynthesised by plants during photosynthesis. The monosaccharides give the characteristic reactions of alcohols and carbonyl group $($aldehydes and ketones$).$ It has been found that these monosaccharides exist in the form of cyclic structures. In cyctization, the $-OH$ groups $($generally $C_5$ or $C_4$ in aldohexoses and $C_5$ or $C_6$ in ketohexoses$)$ combine with the aldehyde or keto group. As a result, cyclic structures of five or six membered rings containing one oxygen atom are formed, e.g., glucose forms a ring structure. Glucose contains one aldehyde group, one $IO$ alcoholic group and four $2^\circ$ alcoholic groups in its open chain structure. The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate answer:

First member of ketos sugar is:

Ketotriose.
Ketotetrose.
Ketopentose.
Ketohexose.

In $\ce{CH_2OHCHOHCHOHCHOHCHOHCHO,}$ the number of optical isomers will be:

$16$
$8$
$32$
$4$

Some statements are given below:

Glucose is aldohexose.
Naturally occurring glucose is dextrorotatory.
Glucose contains three chiral centres.
Glucose contains one $1^\circ $ alcoholic group and four $2^\circ$ alcoholic groups.

Among the above, correct statements are:

$1$ and $2$ only
$3$ and $4$ only
$1, 2$ and $4$ only
$1, 2, 3$ and $4$

Two hexoses fonn the same osazone, find the correct statement about these hexoses.

Both of them must be aldoses.
They are epimers at $C-3.$
The carbon atoms $I$ and $2$ in both have the same configuration.
The carbon atoms $3, 4$ and $5$ in both have the same configuration.

Which of the following reactions of glucose can be explained only by its cyclic structure?

Glucose forms cyanohydrin with $\text{HCN}.$
Glucose reacts with hydroxylamine to form an oxime.
Pentaacetate of glucose does not react with hydroxylamine.
Glucose is oxidised by nitric acid to gluconic acid.

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Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
The unique behaviour of $Cu,$ having a positive $E^\circ$ accounts for its inability to liberate $H_2$ from acids. Only oxidising acids $($nitric and hot concentrated sulphuric acid$)$ react with $Cu,$ the acids being reduced. The stability of the half$-$filled $(d^5)$ subshell in $Mn^{2+}$ and the completely filled $(d^{10})$ configuration in $Zn^{2+}$ are related to their $\text{E}^\circ\frac{\text{M}^{3+}}{\text{M}^{2+}}$ values. The low value for $Sc$ reflects the stability of $Sc^{3+}$ which has a noble gas configuration. The comparatively high value for $Mn$ shows that $Mn^{2+}(d^5)$ is particularly stable, whereas a comparatively low value for $Fe$ shows the extra stability of $Fe^{3+}(d^5)$. The comparatively low value for $V/s$ related to the stability of $v^{2+} ($half$-$filled $t_{2g}$ level$)$.
The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate answer :

Standard reduction electrode potential of $\frac{\text{Zn}^{2+}}{\text{Zn}}$ is $0.76V$. This means

$ZnO$ cannot be reduced to $Zn$ by $H_2$ under standard conditions.
$Zn$ cannot liberate $H_2$ with concentrated acids.
$Zn$ is generally the anode in an electrochemical cell.
$Zn$ is generally the cathode in an electrochemical cell.

$\text{E}^\circ$ values for the couples $\frac{\text{Cr}^{3+}}{\text{Cr}^{2+}}$ and $\frac{\text{Mn}^{3+}}{\text{Mn}^{2+}}$ are $-0.41$ and $+1.51$ volts respectively. These values suggest that.

$Cr^{2+}$ acts as a reducing agent whereas $Mn^{3+}$ acts as an oxidizing agent.
$Cr^{2+}$ is more stable th an $Cr^{3+}$ state.
$Mn^{3+}$ is more stable than $Mn^{2+}$.
$Cr^{2+}$ acts as an oxidizing agent whereas $Mn^{3+}$ acts as a reducing agent..

The reduction potential values of $M, N$ and $O$ are $+2.46, -1.13$ and $-3.13V$ respectively. Which of the following order is correct regarding their reducing property?

$O > N > M$
$O > M > N$
$M > N > O$
$M > O > N$

Which of the following statements are true?

$Mn^{2+}$ compounds are more stable than $Fe^{2+}$ towards oxidation to $+3$ state.
Titanium and copper both in the first series of transition metals exhibits $+1$ oxidation state most frequently.
$Cu^+$ ion is stable in aqueous solutions.
The $\text{E}^\circ$ value for the $\frac{\text{Mn}^{3+}}{\text{Mn}^{2+}}$ couple is much more positive than that for $\frac{\text{Cr}^{3+}}{\text{Cr}^{2+}}$ or $\frac{\text{Fe}^{3+}}{\text{Fe}^{2+}}.$.

$(II)$ and $(III)$
$(I)$ and $(IV)$
$(I)$ and $(III)$
$(II)$ and $(IV)$

The stability of $\text{Cu}^{2+}_\text{(aq)}$ rather than $\text{Cu}^{+}_\text{(aq)}$ is due to.

More negative $\Delta_\text{hyd}\text{H}^\circ$ of $\text{Cu}^{2+}_\text{(aq)}.$
Less negative $\Delta_\text{hyd}\text{H}^\circ$ of $\text{Cu}^{2+}_\text{(aq)}.$
More positive $\Delta_\text{hyd}\text{H}^\circ$ of $\text{Cu}^{2+}_\text{(aq)}.$
Less positive $\Delta_\text{hyd}\text{H}^\circ$ of $\text{Cu}^{2+}_\text{(aq)}.$

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Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
The aryl halides are relatively less reactive towards nucleophilic substitution reactions as compared to alkyl halides. This low reactivity can be attributed to the following factors:

The $C - X$ bond in halobenzene has a partial double bond character due to involvement of halogen electrons in resonance with benzene ring.
The $C - X$ bond in aryl halides is less polar as compared to that in alkyl halides as $sp^2$ hyridised carbon is more electronegative than $sp^3$ hybridised carbon.

In these questions $(Q. No. i-Iv),$ a statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.

Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.

Assertion: Primary benzylic halides are more reactive than primary alkyl halides towards $S_N1$ reactions.

Reason: Reactivity depends upon the nature of the nucleophile and the solvent.

Assertion: is more reactive than towards nucleophilic substitution reactions.

Reason: Tertiary alkyl halides react predominantly by $S_N1$ mechanism.

Assertion: Chlorobenzene is more reactive than $p-$chloroanisole to nucleophilic substitution reactions.

Reason: Greater the stability of carbanion, greater is its ease of formation and hence, more reactive is the aryl halide.

Assertion: $4-$Nitrochlorobenzene undergoes nucleophilic substitution more readily than chlorobenzene.

Reason: Chlorobenzene undergoes nucleophilic substitution by elimination-addition mechanism while $4-$nitrochlorobenzene undergoes nucleophilic substitution by addition$-$elimination mechanism.

Assertion: Chlorobenzene is less reactive than benzene towards the electrophilic substitution reaction.

Reason: Resonance destabilises the carbocation.

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When the mixture contains the three amine salts (1º, 2º and 3º) along with quaternary salt, it is distilled with KOH solution. The three amines distill, leaving the quaternary salt unchanged in the solution. Then the mixture of amines is separated by fractional distillation, Hinsberg's method and Hoffmann's method.

The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate answer:

Hinsberg reagent is:

Aliphatic sulphonyl chloride.
Phthalamide.
Aromatic sulphonyl chloride.
Anhydrous ZnCl2 + cone. HCI.

Primary amine with Hinsberg's reagent forms:

N-alkyl benzene sulphonamide soluble in KOH solution.
N-alkyl benzene sulphonamide insoluble in KOH solution.
N, N-alkyl benzene sulphonamide soluble in KOH solution.
N, N-alkyl benzene sulphonamide insoluble in KOH solution.

Secondary amine with Hinsberg's reagent forms:

N-alkyl benzene sulphonamide soluble in KOH solution.
N-alkyl benzene sulphonamide insoluble in KOH solution.
N,N-dialkyl benzene sulphonamide soluble in KOH solution.
N,N-dialkyl benzene sulphonamide insoluble in KOH solution.

To separate amines in a mixture Hoffmann's method is used. The Hoffman n's reagent is:

Benzenesulphonyl chloride.
Diethyl oxalate.
Benzeneisocyanide.
P-toulenesulphonic acid.

3º amines with Hinsberg's reagent give:

No reaction.
Product which is same as that of 1° amine.
Product which is same as that of 2° amine.
Products which is a quaternary salt.

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Decrease in concentration of reactant or increase in concentration of product per unit time is called rate of reaction. lt is of two types :

Instantaneous rate of reaction : Rate of change of concentration of reactant or product at a particular time is called instantaneous rate of reaction.

$\text{r}_\text{inst.}=\frac{\text{dC}}{\text{dt}}$
where$, dC =$ infinitely small change in concentration
$dt =$ infinitely small change in time.

Average rate of reaction : Ratio of change in concentration and time required for the change is average rate of reaction.

$\text{r}_\text{av}=\frac{\triangle\text{x}}{\triangle\text{t}}=\frac{\text{Change in concentration}}{\text{Time required for the change}}$
For a reaction of the type$, m_1A + m_2B \rightarrow n_1C + n_2D$
Rate of reaction is given as
$\frac{1}{\text{m}_1}\frac{\text{d[A]}}{\text{dt}}=-\frac{1}{\text{m}_2}\frac{\text{d[B]}}{\text{dt}}=+\frac{1}{\text{n}_1}\frac{\text{d[C]}}{\text{dt}}=+\frac{1}{\text{n}_2}\frac{\text{d[D]}}{\text{dt}}$
In these questions $(Q.$ No. $i-iv),$ a statement of assertion followed by a statement ofreason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.

Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.

Assertion: The kinetics of the reaction, $\text{mA}+\text{nB}+\text{pC}\rightarrow\text{m}'\text{ X}+\text{n}'\text{ Y}+\text{p}'\text{ Z}$ obey the rate expression as $\frac{\text{dx}}{\text{dt}}=\text{k}[\text{A}]^\text{m}[\text{B}]^\text{n}.$

Reason: The rate of the reaction does not depend upon the concentration of $C$.

Assertion : Instantaneous rate of reaction is equal to $\frac{\text{dx}}{\text{dt}}.$

Reason : lt is the rate of reaction at any particular instant of time.

Assertion : For the reaction, $\text{RCl}+\text{NaOH}\rightarrow\text{ROH}+\text{NaCl},$ the rate of reaction is reduced to half on reducing the concentration of $\ce{RCl}$ to half.

Reason : The rate of reaction is represented by $\ce{k[RCl}].$

Assertion : ln rate law, unlike in the expression for equilibrium constants, the exponents for concentrations do not necessarily match the stoichiometric coefficients.

Reason: It is the mechanism and not the balanced chemical equation for the overall change that governs the reaction rate.

Assertion : ln a reaction$, 2A + B \rightarrow A_2B,$ the reactant $B$ will disappear at twice the rate as $A$ will decrease.

Reason: The rate of disappearance of reactant will be $-\frac{1}{2}\frac{\text{d[A]}}{\text{dt}}=-\frac{\text{d[B]}}{\text{dt}}$

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Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
Iron forms many complexes in its $+2$ and $+3$ oxidation states such as $\ce{[Fe(H_2O)_6]^{2+} (A); [Fe(CN)_6]^{4-} (B); [Fe(H_2O)_6]^{3+} (C); [Fe(CN)_6]^{3-} (D)},$ etc.,
They exhibit, different magnetic properties and undergo different hybridisation of iron.
The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate answer:

Which of the following statements is correct?

$(B)$ is paramagnetic while $(C)$ is diamagnetic.
Both $(B)$ and $(D)$ are outer orbital complexe.
Both $(A)$ and $(C)$ are paramagnetic.
$(A)$ is outer orbital complex and $(C)$ is inner orbital complex.

The complex having maximum magnetic moment is:

$(A)$
$(B)$
$(C)$
$(D)$

Which of the following does not represent correct configuration of the $d-$ orbitals in the given complexes?

$\text{(A)}:\text{t}^4_{2\text{g}}\text{e}^2_\text{g}$
$\text{(B)}:\text{t}^6_{2\text{g}}\text{e}^0_\text{g}$
$\text{(C)}:\text{t}^4_{2\text{g}}\text{e}^1_\text{g}$
$\text{(D)}:\text{t}^5_{2\text{g}}\text{e}^0_\text{g}$

The spin only magnetic moment of complexes $(A), (B), (C)$ and $(D)$ are respectively $($in $BM).$

$2\sqrt{6},0,\sqrt{35},\sqrt{3}$
$0,2\sqrt{6},\sqrt{35},\sqrt{3}$
$\sqrt{15,}2\sqrt{6},\sqrt{3},0$
$\sqrt{3},\sqrt{8},0,\sqrt{15}$

Which of the given complexes are outer orbital complexes?

$(A)$ and $(B)$ only
$(B)$ and $(C)$ only
$(A)$ and $(C)$ only
$(B)$ and $(D)$ only

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Read the passage given below and answer the following questions
Few colligative properties are:

Relative lowering of vapour pressure: depends only on molar concentration of solute $($mole fraction$)$ and independent of its nature.
Depression in freezing point: it is proportional to the molal concentration of solution.
Elevation of boiling point: it is proportional to the molal concentration of solute.
Osmotic pressure: it is proportional to the molar concentration of solute

A solution of glucose is prepared with $0.052 g$ at glucose in $80.2 g$ of water.$(KJ = 1.86K \ \text{kg \ mol}^{-1}$ and $K_b = 5.2K \ \text{kg \ mol}^{-1})$
The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate answer:

Molality of the given solution is.

$0.0052m$
$0.0036m$
$0.0006m$
$1.29m$

Boiling point for the solution will be.

$373.05K$
$373.15K$
$373.02K$
$373.02K$

The depression in freezing point of solution will be.

$0.0187K$
$0.035K$
$0.082K$
$0.067K$

Mole fraction of glucose in the given solution is.

$6.28 \times 10^{-5}$
$6.28 \times 10^{-4}$
$0.00625$
$0.00028$

If same amount of sucrose $\ce{(C_{12} H_{22} O_{11})}$ is taken instead of glucose, then.

Elevation in boiling point will be higher.
Depression in freezing point will be higher.
Depression in freezing point will be lower.
Both $(a)$ and $(b).$

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