Question
What are different kinds of modulation ? Explain.

Answer

Kinds of modulation: The sinusoidal carrier wave can be expressed as: $e_c= E _c \sin \left(w_c t+\theta\right)$.
The three distinct characteristics of this wave are :
(i) Amplitude (Ec), (ii) Angular frequency $\left(\omega_c\right)$ and (iii) Phase angle $(\phi)$.
Either of these three characteristics can be varied in accordance with audio signal i.e. base band signal. Hence accordingly there are three possible types of modulation as given below :
(1) Amplitude Modulation (A.M.)
(2) Frequency Modulation (F.M.)
(3) Phase Modulation (P.M.)
(1) Amplitude Modulation :
The process of modulation in which modulating wave is superimposed on a carrier wave in such a manner that the frequency of the modulated wave is the same as that of the carrier wave but its amplitude is modified in accordance with that of the modulated wave is called amplitude modulation.
Image
(2) Frequency Modulation : "The process of modulation in which the modulating wave is superimposed on a high frequency carrier wave in such a manner that the frequency of carrier wave varies by the instantaneous value of the frequency of modulating wave while the remaining two parameters viz., amplitude and phase of the carrier wave remain constant, is called frequency modulation."
In this modulation carrier waves of frequency between 80 MHz and 200 MHz are used.
(3) Phase Modulation : When the modulating wave
is superimposed with carrier wave in such a manner that the phase of modulated wave is a linear function of modulating wave signal Em, the modulation is called pulse modulation. In this process the amplitude and frequency of modulated wave is the same as that of carrier wave.

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