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Question 13 Marks
Komal has started a herbal toothpaste manufacturing unit. She has decided about the logo, packaging format and labelling of the product. Her friend Neha asked her whether she has taken care of the legally recognised exclusive rights of other manufacturers in the industry before taking the above-stated decisions?
Identify and give the meaning of the concept about which Neha asked Komal.
Answer
  1. Intellectual Property Rights.
  2. Intellectual property (IP) rights are the legally recognised exclusive rights to creations of the mind. Under this law, owners are granted certain exclusive rights to a variety of intangible assets.
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Question 23 Marks
"Establishment of short or long term objectives and incorporating deadlines in quantifiable measures requires some rules." After identifying the concept described in the above lines explain its rules.
Answer
Rules for goal setting:
  1. Business goals need to be relevant: To be relevant, a business goal has to possess a clear advantage or benefit to the specific business.
  2. Business goals need to be actionable: Business goals that are too vague or abstract should not be chosen. Goals without action plans are just pretty words.
  3. Business goals need to be achievable stretches: The purpose of business goals is to move the businesses forward. So we have to position the bar very carefully, if the bar is set too high, we set ourselves up for failure.
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Question 33 Marks
Explain any two rules for goal-setting.
Answer
Rules for goal setting: (Any two)
  1. Business goals need to be relevant: Should be profitable, but should also possess a clear advantage to the specific business.
  2. Business goals need to be actionable: They should not be vague but should be those which can be performed and evaluated.
  3. Business goals need to be achievable stretches: Should be able to move the business forward.
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Question 43 Marks
Lalit a small Entrepreneur is manufacturing portable fans with the brand name 'P ­FAN'. These fans are in great demand. He finds that the cost of production of per unit of the fan is 800 and he can sell the same at 1,000 per fan. The competitors in the market are selling this type of fan at the rate of 1,200. Lalit's objective is not to earn profit in the short - run but to capture the largest market share. His expectation is that the customers will be attracted towards the new brand because of lower price. Identify the method of pricing adopted by La|it to capture the substantial portion of the market. Also, state any two advantage of this method of pricing.
Answer
Penetration pricing is a pricing strategy where the price of a product is initially set at a price lower than the eventual market price to attract new customers.
Advantage of Penetration pricing:
  • It can result in fast diffusion and adoption. This can achieve high market rates quickly. This can take the competitors by surprise, not giving them time to react.
  • It can create goodwill among the early adopters segment. This can create more trade by word of mouth.
  • It creates cost control and cost reduction pressures from the start, leading to greater efficiency.
  • It discourages the entry of competitors. Low prices act as a barrier to entry.
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Question 53 Marks
State any two rules for 'Goal setting'.
Answer
Rules for goal setting: (Any two)
  1. Business goals need to be relevant.
  2. Business goals need to be actionable.
  3. Business goals need to be achievable stretches.
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Question 63 Marks
In U.K., they are called 'end lines', 'end lines', or 'straplines'. Germans call them as 'claims', French refer them as 'signatures', while Belgians call them 'baselines'.
Identify the concept and name its forms.
Answer
  1. Taglines.
  2. lt's various forms are: questions, statements and exclamations.
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Question 73 Marks
State the advantages of 'cost plus' method of pricing.
Answer
Advantages of cost plus pricing
  • Biggest advantage of this is that company knows exactly the amount of expenditure that has incurred on making a product and therefore they can add profit margin accordingly which helps in achieving the desired revenue for a firm. So, for example if a company has incurred expenses of 1000 and they want to earn profit margin of 10% than the company will sell the product at 1100.
  • It is the simplest method to decide the price for a product because one has just to add up all the cost and then add profit which you want to earn which will give the price for a product.
  • Since the company is using its own data for deciding cost which makes it easier for a company to evaluate the reasons for escalations in expenses and therefore it can take corrective action immediately.
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Question 83 Marks
State by giving any three points, 'how does branding help an entrepreneur'
Answer
  1. Branding provides an image and status for the product.
  2. It reveals to the customers the type of the product, the image and the quality of the enterprise.
  3. Customers may be able to localise the product.
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Question 93 Marks
Designing an advertisement is an important activity. State the issues that should be addressed while designing it. Also discuss how advertisement empowers the customers.
Answer
The advertisement should address the following issues:
  1. Emphasis on right things.
  2. Persuasive presentation.
  3. Interesting to read.
  4. Draws the attention.
It empowers the customers in the following manner:
  1. Provides information about the products.
  2. Facilitates the customer to raise his standard of living.
  3. Enables intelligent buying.
  4. Teaches values to buyers in selecting a product.
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Question 103 Marks
Name and explain the method of pricing in which price of a product is fixed consciously at a low level with minimal margin of profit.
Answer
Name: Penetrating pricing method. The price is fixed consciously at a low level with minimum margin of profit. This is aimed at covering a large area of market so that the product can penetrate into the mass market. It is used to have a very high sales turnover.
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Question 113 Marks
"One of the essential objectives of managing the market is 'creating demand'." Explain.
Answer
Basic objective of the marketing is to create a demand for the goods or the services. This exercise needs careful planning. It is a conscious and deliberate attempt to facilitate a liking for the goods or the services on the part of the consumer. Activities to be carried out are.
  1. Facilitate a liking for the product/service.
  2. To reinforce the desire for the goods.
  3. Make the customer understand the utility of the goods.
  4. Assure the customer about the quality of the product or the service.
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Question 123 Marks
What is demand analysis?
Answer
Demand Analysis refers to the assessment of the willingness and ability of the customers to by products & services.
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Question 133 Marks
What are the factors that affect branding?
Answer
Factors affecting branding are:-
  1. Type of product.
  2. Image & the quality of the enterprise.
  3. Other products/brands available in the market.
  4. Packaging used.
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Question 143 Marks
Why is it necessary to know. the preferences of the buyers while deciding on a market strategy?
Answer
It is important to know the preferences of the buyer while deciding on a market strategy due to following reasons:
  1. Selection of product- Entrepreneur can select the product for his enterprise on the basis of customer needs.
  2. Quality - Entrepreneur gets an idea about the quality of the product to be maintained.
  3. Price - Customer needs provide the information about the strength of the potential customer.
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Question 153 Marks
State the reasons why customers prefer enterprises with an after sales service.
Answer
Customers prefer enterprises with assured after sales service because of following reasons:
  1. Quality assurance.
  2. Quick replacement.
  3. No danger of fraud and cheating.
  4. Easy maintenance.
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Question 163 Marks
With the help of any two examples give the meaning of intellectual property rights.
Answer
Intellectual property rights are the legally recognised exclusive rights to creations of the mind.
Common types include Patents, trademark, copyright, industrial design rights and trade secrets.
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Question 173 Marks
Shilpi Ltd. started the manufacturing of herbal toothpaste. They researched that large number of established enterprises were also manufacturing the similar type of products. The company fixed the price of their toothpaste on 'cost plus method' of pricing. After some time the company realised that they were not getting good response regarding their toothpaste from the customers and the market share of their toothpaste was less than 0.5%. Since their product was new, they decided to change the pricing method so that initially they could get more customers.
  1. Identify the new pricing method that was adopted by Shilpi Ltd.
  2. State any two advantages of the new pricing method identified in (a) above.
Answer
  1. Pricing method-Penetration Pricing.
  1. Advantages of penetration pricing.
  • Result in fast diffusion and adoption.
  • Creates goodwill among the early adopters.
  • Creates cost control and cost reduction from the start leading to greater efficiency.
  • Discourages the entry of competitors, low price acts as barrier to entry.
  • Create high stock turnover throughout the distribution channel.
  • Create critically important enthusiasm and support in the channel.
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Question 183 Marks
Explain various types of 'brand names' available to enterpreneur.
Answer
Various types of brands available are:
Individual brand name: Here, every product is promoted by the entrepreneur on the basis of a separate brand name, like Liril brand name with the “freshness” concept.
Family brand name (Umbrella branding): Here, the entrepreneur’s name or the company’s name is used for all the products, for example amul , kissan etc
Corporate names: Here, entrepreneur can choose their corporate name or logo together with some brand names of individual products for example, Godrej, Tata, Bajaj, etc.
Alpha-numeric names: It is mainly for industrial products. An alpha-numeric name signifies its physical characteristics. For example, SX4, Liv52, ANX Grindlay, ilO, i20, etc.
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Question 193 Marks
Aarav, a small entrepreneur, is manufacturing portable electric iron for domestic use with the brand name 'P-IRON’.This iron is in great demand. He finds that the cost of production per unit of the iron is Rs.1,000 and he can sell the same at Rs.1,200 per unit. The competitors in the market are selling this type of iron at the rate of Rs.2,000. Aarav’s objective is not to earn profit in the short-run but to capture the largest market. His expectation is that the customers will be attracted towards the new brand because of low price.
Identify the method of pricing adopted by Aarav to capture the substantial portion of the market. Also, state any two advantages of this method of pricing.
Answer
Pricing method-Penetration Pricing.Advantages:
Quick rise in sales: Penetrating pricing results in the increase in the sales with a very high speed.
High turnover: The turnover of the enterprise is raises in very short duration. This strengthens the position of enterprise in the market.
Return on investments: This method brings decent return on investments. the minimum profit margin is also assured with the sale of each unit.
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Question 203 Marks
With its help the consumers are able to identify the products of a firm and are also able to differentiate them from those of the competitors. Identify the concept and state its components.
Answer
  1. Brand.
  2. It has the following components - brand name; brand mark; trade mark.
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Question 213 Marks
State any two points of importance of 'Goal Setting'.
Answer
Write (Any two) points:
  1. It is an important exercise for ensuring the appropriate performance.
  2. It ensures clarity of vision and alignment to the organisational goals.
  3. It allows us to be proactive instead of being reactive.
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Question 223 Marks
'Pure Neer India Ltd.' is the manufacturers of water purifiers. The company has developed a new water purifier that not only converts the hard water into soft water but also kills the bacteria and other harmful micro organisms present in it. The company has named this water purifier as 'Nirmal Neer' and for its marketing, appointed salesmen throughout the country. The company also trained the salesmen to provide information about the usefulness of the 'Nirmal Neer' water purifiers to the customers and motivate them to buy the same.
  1. Name and explain the 'type of promotion strategy' adopted by the company.
  2. Also, identify the channel of distribution used by the company.
Answer
  1. Personal selling: It means selling products personally. It involves oral presentation of message in the form of conversation with one or more prospective customers for the purpose of making sales. Companies appoint salesperson to contact prospective buyers and create awareness about the company’s product.
  2. The channel of distribution identified above is direct channel of distribution or Zero level of distribution where Manufacturer directly sell his product/ service to the consumers.
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Question 233 Marks
State the advantages of 'Good Negotiations'.
Answer
Good negotiations contribute significantly to business success, as they:
  • Help in building better relationships.
  • Deliver lasting, quality solutions-rather than poor short-term solutions that do not satisfy the needs of either party.
  • Help in avoiding future problems and conflicts.
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Question 243 Marks
'Nature of Market' affects the channel of distribution. Which channel of distribution will be more suitable for the following markets?
  1. Concentrated Market.
  2. Remote Market.
  3. Monopolistic Market.
  4. Regional Market.
Answer
Nature of market affects channels of distribution:
  1. Concentrated market: Direct channel as customers are concentrated in a given locality.
  2. Remote market: Through dealers.
  3. Monopolistic market: Dealership network/direct channels.
  4. Regional market: Network of dealers/wholesalers.
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Question 253 Marks
Why do customers prefer enterprises with assured sale service? Explain.
Answer
  1. The customer usually decides his preference for purchase only after satisfying himself about the support system.
  2. A credible and acknowledged after sales service increases the salability of the product by incorporating adequate confidence in the minds of the buyers.
  3. The satisfied customer would not only repeat his purchases but act as a source of publicity for the firm.
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Question 263 Marks
'Personal-selling plays a very important role in Sales Promotion.' State any six points of such role of Personal-Selling in Sales Promotion.
Answer
Personal selling-importance.
  1. It helps in winning over the buyer's confidence for the seller's goods.
  2. It facilitates getting a regular and permanent customer.
  3. It helps in understanding and analysing the buyer's needs.
  4. It helps in removing ignorance, doubt, misgiving about the product.
  5. It brings about an emotional rapport between the buyers and the producers.
  6. It imparts knowledge and technical assistance to the customers.
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Question 273 Marks
Explain any three points to be taken into consideration while 'Assessing the Market'.
Answer
The points to be considered while assessing the market are:
  1. Target market: A target market is a group of customers within a business's serviceable available market that the business has decided to aim its marketing efforts towards. Target markets consist of consumers who exhibit similar characteristics (such as age, location, income, and lifestyle) and are considered most likely to buy a business's product or service.
  2. Demand analysis: demand analysis is a research done to estimate or find out the customer demand for a product or service in a particular market. Demand analysis is one of the important consideration for a variety of business decisions like determining sales forecasting, pricing products/ services, marketing and advertisement spending, manufacturing decisions, expansion planning etc
  3. Understanding the competition in the market: Knowing who your competitors are, and what they are offering, can help you to make your products, services and marketing stand out. It will enable you to set your prices competitively and help you to respond to rival marketing campaigns with your own initiatives.
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Question 283 Marks
'The soft drink bottle of 300 ml of a company is placed at Rs. 7, while the 1000 ml bottle is placed at Rs. 15.' Name and explain the method of pricing involved in the above example.
Answer
Variable pricing technique: Variable pricing technique is the one in which different prices are charged from different categories of customers. There is price discrimination. Many factors are responsible forthe variation in the price. If a customer is purchasing more quantity of the product, he will be offered lower price. If the demand for the product increases in the market then higher price can be charged. This method has both the objectives viz. selling more quality and also charging higher price but at different times, e.g. Indian railways charges different fares for AC 3 tier,AC 2 tier, second class and general compartment.
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Question 293 Marks
One of the essential objectives of managing the market is "Securing Goodwill". Explain.
Answer
Every business firm wants to create a better reputation and goodwill in the market. The goodwill can be created by adopting multifaceted strategies like continuous market survey, quality, assurance, customer satisfaction, redressal mechanism, selling quality products at reasonable price, advertising, high quality, caring for customers satisfaction, after sale service, smooth supply etc.
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Question 303 Marks
Explain by giving any three points how ‘market-orientation’ helps the entrepreneurs.
Answer
Market orientation helps the entrepreneur:
  1. To understand the customers and their needs.
  2. To develop and assist in the design of an appropriate product or service and selling the same.
  3. To take the correct decision regarding the product or service, its-market and profitability of the enterprise.
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Question 313 Marks
State the reasons why consumers prefer enterprises with an after sales service.
Answer
Customers prefer enterprises with assured after sales service because of following reasons:
  1. Quality assurance.
  2. Quick replacement.
  3. No danger of fraud and cheating.
  4. Easy maintenance.
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Question 323 Marks
Why is it necessary to know the preferences of the buyers while deciding on a market strategy?
Answer
It is important to know the preferences of the buyer while deciding on a market strategy due to following reasons:
  1. Selection of product- Entrepreneur can select the product for his enterprise on the basis of customer needs.
  2. Quality Entrepreneur gets an idea about the quality of the product to be for maintained.
  3. Price customer need providers the information about the strength of the potential customer.
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Question 333 Marks
Various approaches may be used by a company to promote its products. One of them is the use of mass media methods by designing a promotion strategy that aims at establishing brand identity.Identify and explain this approach.
Answer
These promotions use mass media methods. This type of promotion focuses on advertising to a large audience. It includes conventional media like print, online, television and cinema advertising. The activities include advertisements in the press. They also produce online banner advertisements, place advertisements on billboards and use their website to meet the needs of their consumers.
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Question 343 Marks
Why is ‘Customer Relationship Management’ important for any business? Explain briefly.
Answer
  1. It can help to understand the customer in a better way.
  2. It will retain customers through better customer experience.
  3. It will help to attract new customers.
  4. Helps in winning new clients and contracts.
  5. It will lead to increase profitability of the organization.
  6. Helps in decreasing customer management costs.
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Question 353 Marks
Government banned the use of polythene bags and single use plastic material in order to curb the increasing pollution level by dumping of plastics. Harjot took this as an opportunity and is planning to manufacture biodegradable bags of different sizes by processing the sugarcane bagasse. Create a logo and a tagline for the bags manufactured by Harjot.
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Question 363 Marks
Explain 'distribution mix' as an element of marketing mix.
Answer
Distribution mix It is also known as 'place mix'. It is concerned with movement of goods from the place of production to the place of consumption, at right time, in right quantity.It involves the following:
  1. Physical distribution Storage and transportation.
  2. Channels of distribution Wholesalers and retailers.
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Question 373 Marks
What is patenting? What are the inventions which are patentable?
Answer
Patenting gives an inventor the right to exclude others from making, using, offering to sell and importing an invention for a limited period of time, in exchange for the public disclosure of the invention.
The following inventions are patentable:
  1. Art, process, method or manner of manufacture.
  2. Machine, apparatus or other articles.
  3. Substances produced by manufacturing.
  4. Computer software which has technical applications.
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Question 383 Marks
Who is a stakeholder?
Answer
Stakeholders are the different groups in a society which can affect the business decision making and have an impact on its marketing performance. These groups include:
Clients/customers, shareholders, media, financial institutions, community groups, local community, staff, government, strategic partners
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Question 393 Marks
An effective sales strategy is important for a business. Why?
Answer
An effective sales strategy is important for a business because:
  1. It helps in creating awareness about business environment.
  2. It helps in measuring short-term performance of sales team.
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Question 403 Marks
What are the symptoms of business failure as exhibited by a cash flow statement?
Answer
The symptoms of business failure as exhibited by a cash flow statement are as follows:
  1. Negative cash flows.
  2. Diversion of funds to non-productive activities.
  3. Inappropriate dividend payments.
  4. Nil or negative cash balance.
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Question 413 Marks
Without having time frame for achievement of goals, you reach no where? Do you agree? If yes, justify.
Answer
It is very important that the goals are time bound, otherwise you lose direction. Deadlines are important to achieve goals.
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Question 423 Marks
Distinguish between the direct selling mode and the indirect selling mode.
Answer
Direct selling mode and the indirect selling mode can be distinguished under following headings:
  1. Length of channel: Direct sellingmode has shortest length of channel whereas indirect selling mode has longer length of channel.
  2. Competition: In case of intense competition in the market, the direct selling mode is preferred, whereas in case of less intense competition, indirect selling mode is preferred.
  3. Nature of product: Product having shorter shelf-life like milk, vegetables etc. are sold through direct selling mode, whereas products with more shelf-life is sold with indirect selling mode.
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Question 433 Marks
Below the line methods of promotion are specific, memorable activities focused on targeted groups of consumers. Give the various techniques of this approach.
Answer
The various techniques of this approach are as follows:
  1. Sponsorship.
  2. Sales promotion.
  3. Public relations.
  4. Personal selling.
  5. Direct marketing.
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Question 443 Marks
It is an example of 'value addition'. Value addition means to add values to goods and services by modifying them in such a way that their utility is enhanced and a new product of greater value is created for the customers.
Answer
Environmental added value advocates the use of such methods of production that do not harm the environment or are less harmful than those methods presently being used. e.g. using recycled material for packaging.
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Question 453 Marks
What are Public Relations?
Answer
Public relations is the deliberate, planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain mutual understanding between an enterprise and their public. It is related to building good relations with the stakeholders of the business by having favourable publicity, building a goodwill and encouraging favourable informative system about the product and the enterprise.
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Question 463 Marks
What is a sales strategy?
Answer
A sales strategy is a plan that aims at positioning a company's brand in such a way that it gains a competitive advantage in its segment. A strategic sales plan not only involves a quick understanding of market opportunities, threats and target markets but also the strengths and weaknesses of the competitors.
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Question 473 Marks
Give the meaning of tagline with the help of an example.
Answer
Taglines are simple but powerful messages that help to communicate an enterprise’s goals, mission, distinct qualities and so much more. Balsara Hygiene products, launched their ‘Promise toothpaste in 1978 and took an aggressive stand against its competitors. It then secured the second highest market share. It was due to the tagline “The unique toothpaste with time-tested clove-oil.”
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Question 483 Marks
Explain the different types of sales strategies.
Answer
Following are the two types of sales strategies:
  1. Direct: In this strategy sales people talk about each feature of the competition’s product and compare it to theirs. It is also referred to as “negative selling”.
  2. Indirect: Indirect sales uses demonstrating features and benefits not available with the competition’s products or services without ever mentioning them by name. It is also referred as “positive selling”.
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Question 493 Marks
Why is it essential that employees perform together as a collective unit? HOTS
Answer
Employees are the major assets of an organisation. No task can be accomplished if the individuals are engaged in constant conflicts and misunderstandings. It has been observed that targets are achieved at a much faster rate if the employees work together and sha warm relationship with each other. So, it is essential that employees perform together as a collective unit.
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Question 503 Marks
Identify the intermediaries involved in the indirect selling mode.
Answer
The intermediaries involved in indirect selling are:
  1. One level channel: Manufacturer → Retailer → Customer.
  2. Wo level channel: Manufacturer → Wholesaler → Retailer → Customer.
  3. Three level channel: Manufacturer → Distributor/ Agent → Wholesaler → Retailer Customer.
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3 Marks Question - Entrepreneurship STD 12 Commerce Questions - Vidyadip