Kary $B$ Mullis got Nobel prize for discovering:
- A$\text{DNA}$ polymerase enzyme
- ✓Polymerase chain reaction
- CRestriction endonucleases
- DWestern blotting
Answer: B.
View full solution →Question types
Biotechnology: Principles and Processes question types
595 questions across 7 question groups — pick any mix to generate a BIOLOGY paper with step-by-step answer keys.
595
Questions
7
Question groups
5
Question types
01
M.C.Q (1 Marks)
219 Q→021 Marks Question
108 Q→032 Marks Questions
107 Q→043 Marks Question
109 Q→055 Marks Questions
26 Q→06Assertion (A) & Reason (B) MCQ
16 Q→07Case study (4 Marks)
10 Q→Sample Questions
Biotechnology: Principles and Processes questions
One sample from each question group in this chapter. Select any group above to see the full set with answer keys.
The most important feature in a plasmid to be used as a vector is:
- ✓Origin of replication $($ori$).$
- BPresence of a selectable marker.
- CPresence of sites for restriction endonuclease.
- DIts size.
Answer: A.
View full solution →There is a restriction endonuclease called Eco Ri. What does $'CO\ '$ part of it stands for:
- ACoenzyme.
- ✓Coli.
- CCoelom.
- DNone of these.
Answer: B.
View full solution →Transfer of $\text{DNA}$ bands from agarose gel to nitrocellulose or nylon membrane is:
- ✓Southern transfer
- BWestern transfer
- CEastern transfer
- DGene transfer
Answer: A.
View full solution →Gene gun can introduce genes into cells with the help of:
- APlasmids
- BCosmids
- ✓Microscopic pellets
- DPhagemids
Answer: C.
View full solution →Can you recall meiosis and indicate at what stage a recombinant DNA is made?
Why is it not possible for an alien DNA to become part of a chromosome anywhere along its length and replicate normally?
Name the enzymes that are used for the isolation of DNA from bacterial and fungal cells for recombinant DNA technology.
How is the action of exonuclease different from that of endonuclease?
Explain the steps involved in the production of genetically engineered insulin.
Make a chart (with diagrammatic representation) showing a restriction enzyme, the substrate DNA on which it acts, the site at which it cuts DNA and the product it produces.
Explain briefly:
PCR
PCR
Discuss with your teacher and find out how to distinguish between:
Plasmid DNA and Chromosomal DNA
Plasmid DNA and Chromosomal DNA
Describe briefly the following:
Bioreactors
Bioreactors
Describe briefly the following:
Downstream processing
Downstream processing
Can you think and answer how a reporter enzyme can be used to monitor transformation of host cells by foreign DNA in addition to a selectable marker?
Besides better aeration and mixing properties, what other advantages do stirred tank bioreactors have over shake flasks?
- Explain the significance of 'palindromic nucleotide sequence' in the formation of recombinant DNA.
- Write the use of restriction endonuclease in the above process.
Describe the roles of heat, primers and the bacterium Thermus aquaticus in the process of PCR.
- Name the selectable markers in the cloning vector pBR322? Mention the role they play.
- Why is the coding sequence of an enzyme (â-galactosidase) a preferred selectable marker in comparison to the ones named above?
Can you list 10 recombinant proteins which are used in medical practice? Find out where they are used as therapeutics (use the internet).
- Describe the characteristics a cloning vector must possess.
- Why DNA cannot pass through the cell membrane? Explain. How is a bacterial cell made ‘competent’ to take up recombinant DNA from the medium?
If a desired gene is identified in an organism for some experiments, explain the process of the following:
- Cutting this desired gene at specific location.
- Synthesis of multiple copies of this desired gene.
No evidence was found on a crime scene, other than only a few hair strands. The inspector wants to proceed for DNA fingerprinting, but the amount of DNA is very less.
- In your opinion what could be the solution to this problem?
- Write the basic steps of this technique.
- Name the scientist who developed this technique.
- What values shown by the inspector?
Taking examples under each category, discuss upstream and downstream processing.
Two statements are given$-$one labelled Assertion and the other labelled Reason. Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes $(a), (b), (c)$ and $(d)$ as given below.
Assertion: $\text{YAC}$ vectors have been exploited extensively in the mapping of large genomes.
Reason: $\text{YAC}$ vectors have a composite structure made of bacteriophage and plasmid.
Assertion: $\text{YAC}$ vectors have been exploited extensively in the mapping of large genomes.
Reason: $\text{YAC}$ vectors have a composite structure made of bacteriophage and plasmid.
- ABoth assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
- BBoth assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
- ✓Assertion is true but reason is false.
- DBoth assertion and reason are false.
Answer: C.
View full solution →Two statements are given$-$one labelled Assertion and the other labelled Reason. Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes $(a), (b), (c)$ and $(d)$ as given below.
Assertion: The insertion of $\text{DNA}$ fragment into $\text{pBR 322}$ plasmid using enzyme Pst $I$ or Pvu $I$ make ampicillin resistant gene non functional.
Reason: Bacterial cells containing recombinant $\text{pBR 322}$ is unable to grow in the presence of ampicillin.
Assertion: The insertion of $\text{DNA}$ fragment into $\text{pBR 322}$ plasmid using enzyme Pst $I$ or Pvu $I$ make ampicillin resistant gene non functional.
Reason: Bacterial cells containing recombinant $\text{pBR 322}$ is unable to grow in the presence of ampicillin.
- ABoth assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
- ✓Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
- CAssertion is true but reason is false.
- DBoth assertion and reason are false.
Answer: B.
View full solution →Directions: In the following questions, the Assertions $(A)$ and Reason$(s) (R)$ have been put forward. Read both the statements carefully and choose the correct alternative from the following:
Assertion: Recognition site should be preferably single and responsive to commonly used restriction enzyme.
Reason: In $\text{pBR 322}$ alien $\text{DNA}$ is ligated generally in the area of Bam $- \text{HI}$ site of tetracycline resistance gene.
Assertion: Recognition site should be preferably single and responsive to commonly used restriction enzyme.
Reason: In $\text{pBR 322}$ alien $\text{DNA}$ is ligated generally in the area of Bam $- \text{HI}$ site of tetracycline resistance gene.
- AIf both the assertion and the reason are true and the reason is a correct explanation of the assertion.
- ✓If both the assertion and reason are true but the reason is not a correct explanation of the assertion.
- CIf the assertion is true but the reason is false.
- DIf both the assertion and reason are false.
Answer: B.
View full solution →Directions: In the following questions, the Assertions $(A)$ and Reason$(s) (R)$ have been put forward. Read both the statements carefully and choose the correct alternative from the following:
Assertion: A bacterial cell with no restriction enzymes will be easily infected and lysed by bacteriophages.
Reason: Restriction enzymes catalyse synthesis of protective coat around bacterial cell that prevents bacteriophage attack.
Assertion: A bacterial cell with no restriction enzymes will be easily infected and lysed by bacteriophages.
Reason: Restriction enzymes catalyse synthesis of protective coat around bacterial cell that prevents bacteriophage attack.
- ABoth Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct explanation for Assertion.
- BBoth Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not the correct explanation for Assertion.
- ✓Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
- DBoth Assertion and Reason are incorrect.
Answer: C.
View full solution →Two statements are given$-$one labelled Assertion and the other labelled Reason. Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes $(a), (b), (c)$ and $(d)$ as given below.
Assertion: Bacteriophage vectors are more advantageous than plasmid vectors.
Reason: Bacteriophage vectors can be easily detected at the time of cloning experiments.
Assertion: Bacteriophage vectors are more advantageous than plasmid vectors.
Reason: Bacteriophage vectors can be easily detected at the time of cloning experiments.
- ✓Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
- BBoth assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
- CAssertion is true but reason is false.
- DBoth assertion and reason are false.
Answer: A.
View full solution →Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to (v) given below:
Tools used in the formation of recombinant DNA are of three types. These are enzymes, cloning vectors and competent host. lysing enzymes are used to extract DNA for experimental purpose from the cells. Cleaving enzymes break the DNA molecules. TI1ey are of three types : exonucleases, endonucleases and restriction endonucleases. A competent host is required for transformation with recombinant DNA and cloning vectors help to propagate DNA.
Tools used in the formation of recombinant DNA are of three types. These are enzymes, cloning vectors and competent host. lysing enzymes are used to extract DNA for experimental purpose from the cells. Cleaving enzymes break the DNA molecules. TI1ey are of three types : exonucleases, endonucleases and restriction endonucleases. A competent host is required for transformation with recombinant DNA and cloning vectors help to propagate DNA.
- Which of the following is an example of natural Iysing activity in a human body?
- Lysozyme present in tears dissolve the bacterial cell wall.
- Conversion of starch to maltose in the buccal cavity
- Absorption of digested food into the intestinal cells.
- Conversion of protein molecules into amino acids in the stomach.
- Which of the following depicts exonuclease activity?
- All of these
- Cloning vectors are the DNA molecules that.
- Carry foreign DNA segment but do not replicate inside the host cell.
- Carry foreign DNA segment and replicate inside the host cell.
- Transfer nuclear DNA form nucleus to the cytoplasm of the same cells.
- Help in sealing gaps in DNA segments.
- Transfer of DNA into a eucaryotic cell is called:
- Transformation.
- Transduction.
- Transfection.
- Electroporation.
- Assertion: Type I restriction enzymes are not used in rDNA technology.
- Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
- Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
- Assertion is true but reason is false.
- Both assertion and reason are false.
Read the following and answer any four questions from 7(i) to 7(v) given below:
The vectors are DNA molecules that can carry a foreign DNA segment and replicate inside the host cell. Vectors may be plasmids, bacteriophages (viruses that attack bacteria), cosmids, yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs), Bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) and viruses. The most widely used, versatile, easily manipulated vector pBR 322 is an ideal plasmid vector. Features that are required to facilitate cloning into a vector includes origin of replication (Ori) which is a specific sequence of DNA bases responsible for initiating replication, selectable marker genes and cloning sites
View full solution →The vectors are DNA molecules that can carry a foreign DNA segment and replicate inside the host cell. Vectors may be plasmids, bacteriophages (viruses that attack bacteria), cosmids, yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs), Bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) and viruses. The most widely used, versatile, easily manipulated vector pBR 322 is an ideal plasmid vector. Features that are required to facilitate cloning into a vector includes origin of replication (Ori) which is a specific sequence of DNA bases responsible for initiating replication, selectable marker genes and cloning sites
- Pin pBR 322 denotes that it is a:
- plasmid
- prokaryote
- protist
- plant cell.
- Ori is a specific DNA sequence that help in.
- Attachment of primers.
- Initiation of replication.
- Extension of DNA base.
- Initiation of denaturation.
- A and B shown in the figure respectively indicates:
- Pvu II and Cla I.
- ROP and Sal I.
- $amp^R$ and $tet^R$.
- $tet^R$ and $amp^R.$
- Selectable markers in vector,
- Are responsible for replication.
- Help in selecting transformants from non-transform ants.
- Code for proteins involved in the replicating plasmids.
- Contain unique recognition sites.
- Plasmid vectors are:
- dsDNA molecule
- Extra-chromosomal
- Present in bacteria and yeast
- All of these.
Read the following and answer any four questions from S(i) to S(v) given below:
Rajat is a student of biotechnology. His professor tells him that for transformation with recombinant DNA the bacterial cells must be made capable of taking up DNA as DNA do not pass through membrane. While doing experiment in the lab, Rajat noticed that bacterial cells were not taking up the foreign DNA even after treating it with sodium ion. He asked his professor, the reason behind this. His professor explained that he should check the valency and charge of the ion that he is using for the treatment.
Rajat is a student of biotechnology. His professor tells him that for transformation with recombinant DNA the bacterial cells must be made capable of taking up DNA as DNA do not pass through membrane. While doing experiment in the lab, Rajat noticed that bacterial cells were not taking up the foreign DNA even after treating it with sodium ion. He asked his professor, the reason behind this. His professor explained that he should check the valency and charge of the ion that he is using for the treatment.
- It is difficult for DNA to pass through the membrane as
- It is a hydrophilic molecule.
- It is a hydrophobic molecule.
- It is a circular molecule.
- It changes its shape when it comes in contact with host cell.
- What type of ions are used for DNA mediated gene transfers?
- Divalent anions.
- Divalent cations.
- Monovalent cations.
- Monovalent anions.
- rDNA stands for,
- reduced DNA
- red DNA
- recombinant DNA
- related DNA.
- Which of the following statements with regard to DNA is correct?
- DNA is a positively charged molecule having two polynucleotide chains.
- Nitrogen bases of two polynucleotide chain form complementary pairs, i.e., A opposite G and T opposite C.
- Backbone of DNA chain is built up of alternate deoxyribose sugar and phosphate group.
- Both (a) and (c)
- Assertion: Competent host is essential for transformation with rDNA.
- Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
- Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
- Assertion is true but reason is false.
- Both assertion and reason are false.
Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to (v) given below:
In recombinant DNA technology, the fragments of DNA generated after cutting the DNA by restriction enzymes are separated according to their size or length by gel electrophoresis. Gel electrophoresis is performed in a gel matrix so that molecules of similar electric charges can be separated on the basis of size. Most commonly used matrix in gel electrophoresis is agarose. The fragments are separated under the influence of electric field. The separated DNA fragments can be seen only after staining the DNA with compound known as ethidium bromide (EtBr) followed by exposure to UV radiation as bright orange band.
In recombinant DNA technology, the fragments of DNA generated after cutting the DNA by restriction enzymes are separated according to their size or length by gel electrophoresis. Gel electrophoresis is performed in a gel matrix so that molecules of similar electric charges can be separated on the basis of size. Most commonly used matrix in gel electrophoresis is agarose. The fragments are separated under the influence of electric field. The separated DNA fragments can be seen only after staining the DNA with compound known as ethidium bromide (EtBr) followed by exposure to UV radiation as bright orange band.
- Gel electrophoresis is used for the separation of
- DNA only.
- DNA and RNA only.
- DNA and proteins only.
- DNA, RNA and proteins.
- Most commonly used matrix is _____ which is a ______ extracted from _______.
- (i) agarose (ii) polysaccharide (iii) sea weed
- (i) agarose (ii) protein (iii) sea weed
- (i) EtBr (ii) polysaccharide (iii) sea weed
- (i) EtBr (ii) protein (iii) bacteria
- A DNA molecule was treated with a restriction endonuclease and three fragments of size (i) 426kb, (ii) 129kb and (iii) 46kb were obtained. Identify the order in which these bands will arrange themselves in the gel plate after gel electrophoresis is completed. (Assuming that negative part of electrode is towards the well)
- (iii) → (ii) → (i)
- (i) → (ii) → (iii)
- (i) → (iii) → (ii)
- (iii) → (i) → (ii)
- Which of the following statements regarding gel electrophoresis is incorrect?
- Separated DNA fragments can be seen only after staining DNA with EtBr.
- DNA fragments are separated according to their size.
- Under the influence of electric field, positively charged molecules move towards the anode and negatively charged molecules move towards the cathode.
- None of these.
- The factor that will not affect the rate of DNA migration in gel electrophoresis is:
- Size of DNA molecule.
- Concentration of DNA.
- Voltage supplied.
- Concentration of the gel.
Read the following and answer any four questions from 9(i) to 9(v) given below:
Bioreactors are considered as vessels in which raw materials are biologically converted into specific products by microbes, plant and animal cells or their enzymes. They are used for large scale production as they provide optimum growth conditions such as temperature, pH, substrate, vitamins, oxygen and salts for obtaining desired product. Most commonly used bioreactors are of stirring type which include simple stirred tank bioreactor and sparged stirred-tank bioreactor.
Bioreactors are considered as vessels in which raw materials are biologically converted into specific products by microbes, plant and animal cells or their enzymes. They are used for large scale production as they provide optimum growth conditions such as temperature, pH, substrate, vitamins, oxygen and salts for obtaining desired product. Most commonly used bioreactors are of stirring type which include simple stirred tank bioreactor and sparged stirred-tank bioreactor.
- Bioreactor are useful in:
- Amplifying a gene.
- Isolation of genetic material.
- Processing large volume of culture.
- Infecting DNA in a cell.
- Which of the following is essential to obtain desired product in a bioreactor?
- Size of the bioreactor.
- Sterile condition.
- Quantity of the raw material.
- All of these.
- Assertion: The stirred-tank is well suited for large scale production of microorganisms under aseptic conditions.
- Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
- Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
- Assertion is true but reason is false.
- Both assertion and reason are false.
- Growth condition that could affect the quality of obtained product in a bioreactor are:
- Temperature and pH only.
- pH and oxygen supply only.
- Temperature and oxygen supply only.
- Temperature, pH and oxygen supply.
- Vessels in which raw materials are biologically converted into specific products are.
- Bioreactors.
- Fermentors.
- Gene guns.
- Both (a) and (b).
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