BIOLOGY M.C.Q (1 Marks)

In the gene gun method, microscopic pellets of gold or tungsten are coated with the transgene fragments and shot into the plant cells or tissues at high velocity.

Application of biotechnology occurs in agriculture, biomedicine and environmental field.

Entamoeba coli is not a bacterium and Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli and Bacillius quifacieus are source of restriction endonuclease.

c.  Recombinant DNA techniques.

During culture, only transformed cells survive on agar plate. These cells show resistant to antibiotic and can be easily recognized.

Scaling up is the process of expanding a process from small scale to a larger scale. So, here scaling up is defined as the conversion of a laboratory scale plant into a manufacturing unit.

Biotechnology is the use of biological processes, microorganisms, or systems to manufacture products intended to improve the quality of human life.
The earliest biotechnologists were farmers who developed improved species of plants and animals by cross pollination or cross breeding.

Biotechnology is the science of engineering and technology for industrial and other purposes, especially the genetic manipulation of microorganisms for the production of antibiotics, hormones, etc.
Bioengineering is the application of the principles of engineering and natural sciences to tissues, cells and molecules. It improves the functions of plants and animals.

The introduction of oxygen into a steroid molecule by means of Mucorales fungi has been described by Murray and Peterson. They suggested that Rhizopus stolonifer is capable of hydroxylation, necessary for steroid synthesis.

Insertional inactivation is the inactivation of a gene upon insertion of another gene inside in its place or within its coding sequence. This helps the selection of transformant and as well as recombinant colonies in selective antibiotic medium aided due to insertional inactivation of the antibiotic gene which becomes inactive due to foreign gene insert within its sequence.

Stirred tank bioreactor is a reactor that consists of the propeller, the mixer and the reactor. In this system, impeller or mixer is used to mix the required atmospheric oxygen into the aqueous phase and maximizing the interfacial area between the gaseous and aqueous phases for large production of biomass.

The first nif gene for nitrogen fixation was isolated from Klebsiella pneumonia.

Plant cells are surrounded with a cellulosic cell wall. Between adjacent plant cells is present middle lamella. The middle lamella is made up of calcium and pectin. Hence, plant cells of a tissue are separated from each other with the help of cellulase and pectinase enzymes. These enzymes are commercially used in clearing of fruit juices to dissolve plant fibres.

Transfer of genetic materials from a virus or bacterium is called transduction.

The bioreactor is a fermentation tank that allows microorganisms to ferment the media and undergo growth. Bioreactors are considered as vessels in which raw materials are biologically converted into specific products by microbes, plant and animal cells, or their enzymes.