Chemistry M.C.Q (1 Marks)

Acetylsaliylic acid is a pain killer and is commonly known as Aspirin.

Tranquilizers are neurologically active drugs. Some tranquilizers are antidepressants and the functions by inhibiting the enzymes which catalyse the degradation of noradrenaline. If the enzyme is inhibited, the neurotransmitter noradrenaline is slowly metabolized and can thus activate the receptor for longer periods there by counteracting the effect of depression. Tranquilizers form an essential component of sleeping pills.

Due to low cost, linseed oil is used to prepare soap. The other oil are also used in preparation of soaps but they are vegetable oil. The seed oil gives softer but milder soaps.

Chemotherapy is a category of cancer treatment that uses the chemical substance.
Especially one or more anti-cancer drugs that are given as a part of the standardized chemotherapy regimen.

Meprobamate is a carbamate derivative, which is used as an anxiolytic drug.
It was the best selling mild tranquilizer for a time, but has largely been replaced by benzodiazepines due to their lower toxicity and serious side effects.

Reserpine is used to treat high blood pressure. It is also used to treat severe agitation in patients with mental disorders. Reserpine is in a class of medications called rauwolfia alkaloids.
It works by slowing down the activity of the nervous system, causing the heartbeat to slow down and the blood vessels to relax.

Milk of magnesia consists of Magnesium hydroxide.
Antacid is a substance which neutralizes stomach acidity and used to relieve heatburn, indigestion.
So, we use bases like Magnesium hydroxide or Sodium Carbonate.

Saponification is a process by which triglycerides are reacted with sodium or potassium hydroxide to produce.
Glycerol and fatty acid salt called soap.

Anionic detergents are sodium salts of sulphonated long chain alcohols or hydrocarbons.

Shaving soaps contain glycerol to prevent rapid drying. A gum called rosin is added in these soaps which forms sodium rosinate which enhances lathering property of soap.

For example sodium benzoate, a sodium salt of benzoic acid, is used as a preservative.

Soaps are obtained by treating vegetable or animal oils and fats with a strong alkaline solution.
Basic solutions are bitter in taste.

Antipyretics are used to lower body temperature. Antipyretic cause the hypothalamus to override an interleukin induced increase in temperature. The body then works to lower the temperature, resulting in a reduction in fever.

Artificial sweeteners are non-caloric substitutes for sugar. They are often intensely more sweet than sugar but do not enhance nutritional value of food. Vitamins and minerals are essential nutrients because they perform hundreds of roles in the body. Amino acids will also enhance the nutritional value of food.

Antiseptics are used to prevent bacterial growth in the body.
Antipyretics are used to reduce body temperature.

Milk of magnesia consists of Magnesium hydroxide.
Antacid is a substance which neutralizes stomach acidity and used to relieve heatburn, indigestion.
So, we use bases like Magnesium hydroxide or Sodium Carbonate.

Saponification is a process by which triglycerides are reacted with sodium or potassium hydroxide to produce.
Glycerol and fatty acid salt called soap.

Anionic detergents are sodium salts of sulphonated long chain alcohols or hydrocarbons.

Shaving soaps contain glycerol to prevent rapid drying. A gum called rosin is added in these soaps which forms sodium rosinate which enhances lathering property of soap.

For example sodium benzoate, a sodium salt of benzoic acid, is used as a preservative.

Soaps are obtained by treating vegetable or animal oils and fats with a strong alkaline solution.
Basic solutions are bitter in taste.

Antipyretics are used to lower body temperature. Antipyretic cause the hypothalamus to override an interleukin induced increase in temperature. The body then works to lower the temperature, resulting in a reduction in fever.

Antiseptics are used to prevent bacterial growth in the body.
Antipyretics are used to reduce body temperature.

Soap is term used for salt of fatty acids. Soaps acts as surfactants, emulsifying oils to enable them to be carried away by water. In industry soaps are used a thickness, Lubricants, catalysts, etc.

Shaving soaps contain glycerol to prevent rapid drying.
A gum called, rosin is added while making them.
It forms sodium rosinate which lathers well.

The source of receptor proteins is fixed in the cell wall, partly inside and partly projected out of the cell wall.
This is so that chemical messengers can interact with the outside portion of receptor protein, which transfers the signal to interior of cell via the receptor protein.
Hence, signal is transferred from outside the cell to inside without the messenger having to cross the cell membrane.

Phosphates perform many functions in washing powders and detergent. They soften hard water by binding with calcium ions and magnesium ions.
In this way, they prevent the lime in water from depositing or settling on the textile fibre.
Phosphates counteract the effect of dissolved iron, calcium and magnesium ions that are present in hard water by preventing them from combining with other components of the formulation.

Detergents are sodium salt of sulphonic acids.

Saponification is a process when triglyceride is treated with strong base,lye which accelerates the cleavage of ester bond and releases fatty acids and glycerol.
Soaps are precipitated by salting it out with saturated sodium chloride.

An agonist is a chemical that binds to some receptor of a cell and triggers a response by that cell.
Agonists often mimic the action of a naturally occurring substance.
Whereas an agonist causes an action, an antagonist blocks the action of the agonist and an inverse agonist causes an action opposite to that of the agonist.
So agonist drugs copy the action of the chemical messengers thereby substituting them.

An enzyme inhibitor is a molecule, which binds to enzymes and decreases their activity. Since blocking an enzyme's activity can kill a pathogen or correct a metabolic imbalance, many drugs are enzyme inhibitors.
Drugs can attack both the active as well as the allosteric sites of an enzyme by binding to these sites and decreasing the catalytic activity of the enzymes.

Aspartame is unstable at cooking temperature, hence it can be used in soft drinks and cold drinks for artificial sweetening.

Chemotherapy is the science in which chemicals are used for the treatment of diseases.

Sodium sulphate is an inorganic molecule which is used as detergent filler.
The main function of it is to keep detergents dry and good in condition.

An antimicrobial tends to destroy/prevent development or inhibit the pathogenic action of microbes such as bacteria, fungi, virus, or other parasites selectively.

Antimicrobial are classified as:

1. Antiseptics are applied to the living tissues such as wounds, cuts,ulcers and diseased skin surfaces.
2. Disinfectants are applied to inanimate objects such as floors, drainage system, instruments, etc.
3. Antibiotics are used as drugs to treat infections because of their low toxicity for humans and animals.

Antacid are drugs or medicines used to prevent or correct acidity, especially in the stomach.
Examples are Cimetidine, Ranitidine, etc.

Sucrose is common sugar.
Glucose is a simple sugar. Glucose is mainly made by plants and most algae during photosynthesis from water and carbon dioxide, using energy from sunlight.
Aspartame is unstable at cooking temperature and hence, it is used in cold drinks and soft drinks.
Sucralose is a trichloro derivative of sucrose which is stable at cooking temperature and does not provide calories.

Saponification is a process when triglyceride is treated with a strong base, which accelerates the cleavage of ester bond and releases fatty acids and glycerol.
Soaps are precipitated by salting it out with saturated sodium chloride or sodium silicate to make it hard.

Soaps cannot be used in hard water because they forms precipitates.
When soaps are used in hard water that contains a lot of calcium and magnesium ions they cause the soap to precipitate and it is unable to form lather.
This can be minimized by the addition of chemicals like sodium trimetaphosphate, borax, sodium silicate etc.
These prevent the calcium and magnesium ions from reacting with the soap and allow it to form lather, thus forming precipitates.

Paul Ehrlich, a German bacteriologist, conceived this idea. He investigated arsenic based structures in order to produce less toxic substances for the treatment of syphilis. He developed the medicine, arsphenamine, known as salvarsan.

Antidepressants are a class of drugs that reduce symptoms of depressive disorders by correcting chemical imbalances of neurotransmitters in the brain.
Chemical imbalances may be responsible for changes in mood and behavior.
Examples: Iproniazid, Phenelzine and Equanil.
Salvarsan is antibiotic.

Smudge is common disease in onins.

Antipyretics lower the body temperature in fever.

Antacids are used to neutralize the acid level of the stomach. If a person experiences indigestion or heart burn.
Antacid contain an alkaline reactant usually sodium bicarbonate, calcium carbonate, or Aluminium/ Magnesium hydroxide.

Anti depressant is used to alleviate depression.
Antacid is used preventing or correcting acidity, especially in the stomach.
Disinfectant is a chemical liquid that destroys bacteria.
Anti histamine is a drug or other compound that inhibits the physiological effects of histamine, used especially in the treatment of allergies.

Tranquilizers are used for the treatment of stress and mental diseases.
These affect the central nervous system and induce sleep in the patients.
Tranquilizers are also called psychotherapeutic drugs.

Barbiturates are tranquilizers which are used as hypnotics or sleep inducing agents.

Agonists are the chemicals that bind to a receptor and activates the receptor to produce a biological response whereas antagonists bind to the receptor site and inhibit the natural function of drugs.
Therefore, a substance that mimics the natural chemical messengers is called agonists

Drugs usually interact with biomolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. These are called drug targets. Vitamins are not a target molecule for drug function in body.

Antiseptics are the chemicals which either kill or prevent the growth of microorganisms.

1. Iodoform is also used as an antiseptic for wounds.
2. Boric acid in dilute aqueous solution is weak antiseptic for eyes.

If the bond formed between an enzyme and an inhibitor is a strong covalent bond, it cannot be broken easily.
Then the enzyme is blocked permanently and the body degrades the enzyme-inhibitor complex and synthesizes the new enzyme.

Medicines can be used to cure diseases, maintain health and modify body characteristics.

Tranquilizers are neurologically active drugs. Veronal and luminal are derivatives of barbituric acid used as tranquilizers.

Omeprazole is the recently developed antacid which is used to prevent the formation of acid in the stomach.

Nitrogen and phosphorous are nutrints that are natural parts of aquatic ecosystems. Nitrogen is also most abundant element in the air we breath nitrogen and phosphorous support the growth of a lgee and aquatic plants, which prouide food and habbit for fish and smaller organisma that line in water.

Diphenhydramine is an antihistamine used to relieve symptoms of allergy, hay fever, and the common cold.
It is used by mouth, injection into a vein, and injection into a muscle.

Helium or Nitrogen can be used to store fresh oil for longer period of time because both are non reactive at standard temperature and pressure.

Soap is a salt of fatty acid and are obtained by treating vegetable oils or animal fats with a strongly alkaline solution.
Fats and oils are composed of triglycerides three molecules of fatty acids are attached to single molecule of glycerol.
The alkaline solution which is sodium hydroxide brings about a chemical reaction known as sponification.

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that helps control the brain's reward and pleasure centers.
Dopamine also helps regulate movement and emotional responses, and it enables us not only to see rewards, but to take action to move toward them.
Dopamine deficiency results in Parkinson's Disease, and people with low dopamine activity may be more prone to addiction.

Histamines mainly produce inflammatory responses against any allergen.
Antihistamines block histamine receptors and thereby reduce allergic response.
Examples of antihistamines include cetirizine, chlorpheniramine, diphenhydramine, fexofenadine, etc.

Detergents consist of alkylbenzenesulfonates or an alkyl hydrogen sulphate a family of compounds that are similar to soaps but more soluble in hard water because the polar sulfonate is less likely than polar carboxyl to bind to calcium and other ions found in hard water.

Secobarbital, distributed under the brand name seconal is a barbiturate derivative drug.
Luminal is a barbiturate. It works by depressing the central nervous system. This aids us in relaxing and going to sleep.

The major reasons for treating severe emotional disorders with tranquilizers is to make the client more amenable to psychotherapy.
The administration of these drugs makes the patient passive and helps to control their emotional distress which otherwise is likely to interfere with their normal functions.

Cationic detergents have germicidal properties and are expensive, therefore, these are of limited use. Synthetic detergents are cleansing agents which have all the properties of soap, but which actually do not contain any soap. These can be used both in soft and hard water as they give foam even in hard water.

1. Iproniazid is a hydrazine drug used as an antidepressant.
2. Phenelzine is also known as Nardil. It is used in the treatment of major depressive disorder.
3. Equanil is used in controlling depression and hypertension.
4. Salvarsan is an antibacterial drug. It is used in the treatment of Syphilis.

A tranquilizer is a drug, that acts on the central nervous system and is used to calm a person and decrease anxiety, or help a person to sleep.
Often called depressants because they suppress the central nervous system and slow the body down, they are used to treat mental illness as well as common anxiety and sleeplessness.
Available only by prescription, they can cause dependence and certain ones can easily be abused.

It has come to knowledge that some countries may be preparing germ bombs which when exploded may simply release disease germs such as anthrax bacteria which may take epidemic shape and cause widespread death generation after generation.

Birth control pills essentially contain a mixture of synthetic estrogen and progesterone derivatives. Both of these compounds are hormones. Progesterone suppresses ovulation.

The drug given during hypertension is Equanil.
Equanil is an important tranquillizer used in depression and hypertension.

Since, soaps are basic in nature, thus, it turns red litmus paper to blue.
When blue litmus paper is dipped in soap solution, it remains blue.

Paraldehyde and chloral hydrate are used as sedative as well as hypnotic because of their chemical properties.
Paraldehyde is one of the safest hypnotics and was regularly given at bedtime in psychiatric hospitals and geriatric wards up to the 1960s.

Noradrenaline is one of the example of Neurotransmitter.

Bacteria do not grow at low-temperatures.a So, food is stored at low-temperatures in refrigerator.

Table salt and cane sugar are used, as food preservatives while sodium hydrogen carbonate and benzoic acid are not used as food preservatives.

Liquid dishwashing detergents are non-ionic type. Mechanism of cleansing action of this type of detergents is the same as that of soaps. These also remove grease and oil by micelle formation.

Antipyretics are used to reduce the body temperature. Antihistamines are used to treat allergies.

Aspirin is used to treat mild to moderate pain and to reduce fever or inflammation.
Hence, it is both an analgesic as well as an antipyretic.

Detergents with branched hydrocarbon chains are less likely to be biodegradable, that is they are not broken down by the bacteria easily.
Thus, they cause water and soil pollution. All the soaps, on the other hand, are biodegradable.

Rapid drying is prevented by adding glycerol to soap.

Saponification of ground nut oil yields glycerol and sodium arachidate.

Antibodies destroy the antigen which is then engulfed and digested by macrophages white blood cells and also produced chemicals called anti toxins which destroy the toxins.

Equanil, also known as Meprobamate, is a tranquilizer.

Drugs usually interact with biomolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. These are called target molecules or drug target. Drugs possessing some common structural features may have the same mechanism of action on targets. The classification based on molecular targets is the most useful classification for medicinal chemists.

Antiseptics are applied to the living tissues such as wounds, cuts and diseased skin surfaces. Antiseptic medicines such as antibiotics cannot be ingested.

A medicine is the substance which cures the disease, is safe to use, has negligible toxicity and doesn't cause addiction.
Also, chemical substances of natural or synthetic origin which are used for curing disease and reducing suffering from pain are medicines.

Triglycerides are treated with a strong base which releases the fatty acid salt and glycerol.
Soaps are precipitated by salting it out with saturated sodium chloride.
Saponification value is the amount of base required to saponify a fat.
Common salt is added to precipitate out all the soap from the aqueous solution.
Adding of common salt to soap solution decreases the solubility of soap due to which all the soap precipitates out from the solution in the solid form.
This process is called salting out of soap.

Seconal, luminal, barbituric acid derivatives are tranquilizers. They are used to treat mental illness, anxieties, tension and sleeplessness. They are often called depressants because they suppress the central nervous system and slow the body down.

Detergent is mixture of surfactant with cleansing properties. These are made of Alkyl benzene sulfonates like sodium lauryl sulphate. It produce more lather in hard water.

Equanil is a tranquilizer that helps in controlling depression and hypertension.

Drugs, that bind to the receptor site and inhibit its natural function are called antagonists. These are useful when blocking of message is required.

The drug cimetidine and ranitidine was designed to prevent the interaction of histamine with the receptors present in the stomach wall. This resulted in release of lesser amount of acid.

All soaps are made by boiling fats or oils with suitable hydroxide. Variations are made by adding different raw materials. Sodium lauryl sulphate and sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate are anionic detergents.

Sucrolose is trichloro derivative of sucrose. Its appearance and taste are like sugar. It is stable at cooking temperature. It does not provide calories.

Detergent is used for both surface activity and cleansing action. Detergents are made of Alkylbenzene sulfonates, which help cleansing action in hard water.
Synthetic detergents are cleansing agents which have all the properties of soaps, but which actually do not contain any soap. These can be used both in soft and hard water as they give foam even in hard water.

Eutrophication is one of the environmental problem associated with the use of detergents.
It is the enrichment of an ecosystem with chemical nutrients, typically compounds containing nitrogen, phosphorus, or both which causes decline or loss of species biodiversity.

A narrow spectrum antibiotic is active against gram positive or gram negative bacteria.

Dissolved salts are not an essential part of an emulsion. Emulsion, a mixture of two liquids that ordinarily do not combine, such as oil and water.
When stirred or shaken vigorously, the two liquids will form a temporary emulsion. Within a relatively short time, however, the two will separate into distinct layers.
A permanent emulsion can be made by adding a third substance, called an emulsifier or emulsifying agent, to the mixture.
Oil and water will form a permanent emulsion if soap or detergent is added as an emulsifier. Milk is a permanent emulsion of butterfat in water, with casein acting as the emulsifier. An emulsion is a colloid.

A tranquilizer is a drug, that acts on the central nervous system and is used to calm, decrease anxiety, or help a person to sleep. Often called depressants because they suppress the central nervous system and slow the body down, they are used to treat mental illness as well as common anxiety and sleeplessness.
Available only by prescription, they can cause dependence and certain ones can easily be abused.

It has come to knowledge that some countries may be preparing germ bombs which when exploded may simply release disease germs such as anthrax bacteria which may take epidemic shape and cause widespread death generation after generation.

Birth control pills essentially contain a mixture of synthetic estrogen and progesterone derivatives. Both of these compounds are hormones. Progesterone suppresses ovulation.

Soaps are prepared from vegetable oils and animal fats, containing tri-esters called triglycerides.
These triglycerides can be converted to soap by treating them with a strong base, which accelerates cleavage of the ester bond and releases the fatty acid salt and glycerol.
The attached image shows the reaction.

The drug given during hypertension is Equanil.
Equanil is an important tranquillizer used in depression and hypertension.